Friday 30 September 2016

Hotel Babylon Ethnicity Stereotypes


The technique of "cut" was used during the race when the man was caught and the camera flicked between both the cupboard and the men chasing the man who they were taking away. It cut straight from the man being chased to the people in the cupboard and watched both events occurring at the same time and different reactions. This was used to establish continuous action and would have added a sense of urgency and tension. Shot-reverse-shot was also used at the beginning of the clip when the receptionist talks to the man that is sat down and gives him a reminder. He then looks back as though he is going to respond to what she has said. This suggests the intensity involved in their conversation and the urgency in what she is saying and how quickly it needs to be done. It then gives the audience an insight into what my happen next and what they could be planning to do due to what is going on within the hotel. At 3:22 the camera zooms into their faces as they are shocked and someone has walked into the room which adds the effect that the audience are walking into the room too. The editing also connotes the narrative through the way that is was constructed such as following each scene and editing it very specifically to ensure that once the Immigrants have been showed as lower class, they are thrown into a cupboard and other usual tasks carry on taking place whilst they are suffering down under the floorboards of ordinary life. Fast-Paced editing is also used which reflects emotions and situations so as scenes are edited together quickly and of a faster pace than ordinary, it is easier to tell the emotions of the character and understand the hurry and rush surrounding the present events.

Diegetic sound is used a lot within this extract such as verbal interaction and gasps as the lady passes out. All of this sound has a source on screen hence why it is called diegetic sound. Other sounds such as banging on the floor whilst the man is being taken away and door slamming once they have escaped. The immigrants also pray as they are locked in the cupboard which identifies their ethnicity as well as each of them could be of different religions and could have different God's that they are praying too to keep them safe. Non-Diegetic sound was also used in this extract as there is some sort of repetitive sound that continues all the way through which sounds like tension music which would keep intensity all the way through the scene which is what is needed to keep the importance known throughout. It would have been done to show that the plot is extremely important and this scene is very tense and would also draw an audience in to feel more connected and a part of the scene. This music is also carried on through each scene which would be a sound bridge as the music is continuous. This connects each scene and shows that there is something to relate to in each scene. This is done to show a link.


The other type of sound that is used is synchronous sound and this is used throughout the scene as all sounds that are heard are expected as they match the action that is on going. For example, when the lady does pass out, you hear gasps as that is what would be heard if someone did pass out in front of you therefore it is an expected sound within the scene. When she does pass out, Tessa Perkins theory is shown as the man helps her when she is passed out by rubbing jam on her gums, this is a positive stereotype, as he gives her an instant sugar boost which fights the stereotype that all Immigrant people don't have previous skills sets. This man clearly does and is able to use them, despite not being in that job anymore, and is able to help someone as a consequence. In the reception area they speak very formally and use standard English as they are in a high class hotel and this is a typical stereotype for that kind of environment. Yet when they are downstairs, they all talk over each other as though they are in a rush and they talk fast and in their usual tone instead of a tone or language that may be put on. They also speak with an accent or in a foreign language which shows their ethnicity and background. The sound is constantly surrounding which would create an atmosphere and show continuity between the scenes. The man in the cupboard who looks after the lady who passes out says "I haven't always been a cleaner" which shows that he did have a life before he was reduced to this and treated so differently and people expected so much less of him. It draws the audience in and makes them realise that this hasn't always been their life but this is what they have been left with and need to deal with.

Tessa Perkin's theory is first recognised when it is clear that there are separate groups such as: White and black people, Illegal Immigrants and different generations. Each of these characters are stereotyped in different ways so it supports her theory that they aren't always about a less powerful group. The women that are important within the hotel are all dressed in business dress which could be a counter stereotype as usually, women are seen as assistant managers instead of genuinely being a Manager themselves. The costume would be a stereotype though as this is typical of what a business woman would wear. Another stereotype would be that all cooks are in white clothing which is what is expected and followed within many films or TV Programmes. It is a typical trait along with Bellboys in suits and looking presentable and holding themselves with pride which would be expected as they are front of the hotel and are representing the hotel considering they are front of house. Furthermore, all customers and visitors at the hotel are in formal outfits and are dressed in a way which would be seen as posh as the hotel is quite high class.


This can be illustrated through the way that all staff hold themselves and dress. The final way costumes show off stereotypes are the way that the Police are wearing typical Police dress which they are most recognised by in most TV Dramas or films. The hotel, as a set, is also suitably dressed up and shown to be as grand as how the staff are dressed. It gives off a very pristine and perfect impression on anyone that would be watching with a certain opinion. The Police and Immigration officers were shown as Antagonists as they made the situation seem like a game and it was continuous and that they would be back which scares the characters and would keep them and the audience on edge.  The police use Leon Festinger's theory as Police officers should be Protagonists as they are there to make the community a better and safer place but yet they are scaring people out of their jobs and dragging them away from their livelihoods in the worst way possible. Through the way that these characters have been represented as smaller and having dirty and scruffy uniform, it shows how badly they were treated and how white people and workers had a higher status. There colours of the suits of the ladies shows their class and how high up they are within the business. The white suit shows that she is of a higher authority as it is kept in a pristine condition and the housekeeper wears a black suit, which is the same as other Immigrant workers and maids, which shows she is of a lower authority.


The scene is also stereotypical as the hotel is luxury and guests are treated in a luxurious manor but the cupboard that the Immigrants are thrown into is very small and cramped. This demonstrates that their ethnicity is looked down upon and they aren't provided with the privileges and specialities that the others have. At the end f the extract, they are all placed on separate tables, although they are in the same room, which seems to be based on their ethnicities and they are situated downstairs away from all the other staff as they eat and are given a cold looking, cramped room yet again to share. They are though, sat in a  communal group this shows that they can have the same traits and when they work together they have a very positive environment and they are hard workers so they can achieve as much as anyone else. This also follows Tessa Perkin's theory as they aren't all of the same minority or ethnic group, they are all a part of different groups and they are all discriminated against. The last use of the scene would be lighting as up in the reception area the lighting is artificial yet downstairs where the housekeepers and hidden and perform their duties, they have low-light which could translate to how much money or their class that each ethnicity have as they, stereotypically, may not have enough money to afford high-level lighting so by using low level light it reflects both their class and ethnicity.

A Hand-Held camera was used quite a lot in this clip especially during any panic and running around such as when the lady collapses and when the man is caught and carried out of the building. This illustrates to the audience feel as though they are part of the action and as though they are experiencing it with him. It adds a shaky feeling. The camera shakes and follows the lady fall as though falling with her. This could make the audience feel as though they are one of the people hiding in there with everyone else and they have fallen with her to help her. A tracking shot was also used in a very effective way as the camera followed the sequence of action between each scene. For example it followed the mans chase and then focused back on everyone hiding in the cupboard. Furthermore, when he leaves the hotel and is eventually dragged away, it follows his departure and exit of the building. As he is being dragged away by Immigration, the camera looks up at him and gives a different angle. This could represent his place in society and how he should be at the bottom where the camera is but instead he has a job and a comfortable life, up until now. A point-of-view shot is also used a lot when it zooms into peoples faces to see their reaction and opinion to the situation that has just occurred.


A typical stereotype for a black person would be to be scared of anyone that is taunting and of a high importance but within this clip, they break that stereotype and show a counter stereotype as when the Lady uses the code word and the man leaves he shows no fear just ambition. It zooms in on his face and it doesn't seem as though he is scared and he shows a resilience but at the end, when he is taken away, the Manageress looks shocked and completely scared by what has just happened. It is quite clear that she now doesn't know what to do considering she didn't know how to protect one of her employees and Immigration could come back. At 3:22 the camera zooms into their faces as they are shocked and someone has walked into the room which adds the effect that the audience are walking into the room too. There are different takes with the camera. There are long shots for the people who are of a higher society class such as the officers and the police and the receptionist by there are shorter shots for the Immigrants when it shows them in the cupboard. The angles that are used for each ethnicity of character is also shown as when an Immigrant is present on the screen, the camera is either facing them or looking up at them which would show their class as that would socially be the angle that they are looking at people from. Shallow focus is also used when the housekeeper is shown as shocked when the Immigration officer leaves and the receptionist starts talking to her. It could be seen as a dream and something that she is imagining and that is why the receptionist is out of focus.

Thursday 29 September 2016

Luther Textual Analysis


Background
In this clip, gender stereotypes are shown in numerous ways and the usual stereotypes aren't followed as they would be expected to be. The woman in this clip is the heroin and ends up killing a villain which would quite typically be a man's job as it would be seen as too violent for a woman to take on.
Sound
The way that she speaks is very taunting and patronising which you wouldn't expect as women are usually only placed in Film and TV Dramas as a decorative to make the men look good but in this clip, the man that later enters is the decorative because she has full control and power. This would also be seen s a counter stereotype because she is taking control and threatening a man which is not what is expected from a female. There is also music that is building up at the start of the clip which could show that action is about to start and a huge change in the plot or disastrous event is about to occur. It is continuous throughout the duologue and shows a continuation in the action and scene. There is also synchronous sound as once Ian has been strangled, he is struggling to breathe and he shows this within the sound that he makes afterwards. It is an expected sound to what has just happened. There is also non-diegetic sound as there is continuous music in the background throughout each section of the scene, even though the music does change based on the different action that occurs. At the end of the clip, the music changes and signifies that he is now gone and it is the end of previous action and continuous hatred. Diegetic sound was also used in the clip as dialogue is used throughout and noises within the clip also have a source on screen.
Editing
One of the only editing techniques that was used was shot-reverse-shot. This was shown at the start of the clip when both Ian and Luther are talking to each other and the camera switches between them as they are saying something to each other. The camera moves very quickly which increases tension as what they are saying becomes more intense and compressive. As the scene carries on, the camera moves much slower which would suggest that somebody is in control.
Mise-en- scene
The blood splattered all over Ian after her has been shot is spread quite excessively and does look very unrealistic. It does not show realism within the techniques that are shown to have been used to splatter the blood. the men are also wearing suits which is typical dress suit in London of a professional male. It shows them as being ordinary males and they don't stand out as dangerous murderers. It shows a deeper message that anyone is different and not everyone is as they look. They are also wearing jackets as it is cold outside and yet again it shows that they are just ordinary people and they do ordinary things. Alex is wearing a hat which also makes her seem completely normal and could even give her a motherly effect as it is comfortable clothing. It is only until she pulls out a gun and starts threatening Ian and eventually kills him that we see her psychopathic side and intentions.
Camera
At the beginning,the camera passes between both characters faces to show that they are having a conversation. As one person says something, it then switches to the other character as if waiting for a response. An establishing shot is also used after Ian has been shot and is lying on the floor dead. The camera shows the setting of the scene whilst all characters remain stood still. It shows the whole building setting an adds an atmosphere to the scene. Another shot that was used was a point of view shot. This was used when Luther had been stabbed and he was talking about how Ian shouldn't be killed so we can see his opinion from his perspective and his angle which helps to make us relate more with his character. Hand-held camera was also used when the characters were fighting so it added a shaky feeling to the scene and added more tension to the fight. It helps the audience feel as though they are involved in the action. The camera also zooms in closely on their faces so the audience can tell from their facial expressions and eyes, just how they are feeling and what they maybe planning on doing next.

Wednesday 28 September 2016

Star Wars the Force Awakens questions

Image result for star wars the force awakens
Who owns Lucasfilm?
Walt Disney and Walt Disney Studios.

Who formed Lucasfilm?
The founder of the film George Lucas.

What year was Lucasfilm formed?
1971.

Who is the president of Lucasfilm?
Kathleen Kennedy.

What other major films have they worked on?
Indiana Jones
All other Star Wars films
The Land before Time and Willow

How much was Lucasfilm sold for?
$4 billion.

Who wrote Star Wars: The Force Awakens?
J.J. Abrams
Lawrence Kasdan
Michael Arndt

Who directed Star Wars: The Force Awakens?
J.J. Abrams.

What other major films is the director responsible for?
Star Trek
Mission Impossible III
Armageddon.

How many Star Wars films have there been so far (list them)? & How much money have they all made at the global box office?

Star Wars (1977) - $786,598,007

The Empire Strikes Back (1980) - $534,171,960

Return of the Jedi (1983) - $572,705,079

The Phantom Menace (1999) - $1,027,044,677

Attack of the Clones (2002) - $656,695,615

Revenge of the Sith (2005) - $848,998,877

The Force Awakens (2015) - $2,058,662,225

Episode VIII (2017)



When was the first Star Wars film released?

1977.


What does ILM stand for?
Industrial light and magic.

What do ILM do?
Industrial light and magic are an American modern picture and visual effects company.

Who created ILM?
George Lucas.

Why did they create ILM?
They created for ILM to use at the beginning of the Production of Star Wars.

What do casting directors do?
Casting Directors decide who gets the role of each character and hire the actors.

Where were the first scenes for Star Wars: The Force Awakens filmed?
Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.

What format was Star Wars: The Force Awakens shot on?
Film.

What types of camera were used to film Star Wars: The Force Awakens?
This Star Wars film was shot on Kodak Film and was filmed on IMAX Cameras
.
What studio was used to film a large proportion of the film?
Pinewood Studios.

Where is the studio?
Iver, Heath, Buckinghamshire, England, UK.

What major franchise is famously filmed at that studio?
James Bond is also filmed here.

How does said franchise link to Star Wars the Force Awakens?
Daniel Craig is in both movies and both films are also moving to another studio called "Troy Studios"

Who is the inspiration for Maz Kanata?
The inspiration for this character came from J.J. Abrams former high school teacher.

What technology was used to create Maz Kanata?
CGI was used to create this character whilst she wore a motion-capture suit covered in white dots on her face. A tiny camera then captured every move that the actress performed.

Who played Maz Kanata and what other role is she famous for?
Lupita Nyong'o and she has also played Patsy in 12 Years of Slave.

Who played General Snoke?
Andy Serkis.

What is he renowned for in the film business?
He is always used for capturing roles in motion capture acting, animation and voice work.

Where was the final scene filmed?
Skellig Michael, County Kerry, Ireland.

Who composed the final score? How many have they composed for?
John Williams produced all scores in all Star Wars films.

What other famous films has he created the music for?
He has also created music for: Jaws, Indiana Jones, E.T, Jurassic Park and Saving Private Ryan.

How many times did John Boyega audition for the film (according to J.J. Abrams)
9.

Over what time did these auditions occur?
They occurred over a period of 7 months.

How many people operated B-B8?
1 person operates B-B8 when he is moving but he can also be operated by 3 people with hand controls. It took many people to design and make the model.

What type of technology was the main version of B-B8?
B-B8 was a physical prop although the voice was made through sound effects. Abrams wanted a physical prop instead of using CGI.

What colour suit does the operator of B-B8 wear?
He wore green so that he could be edited out or implanted on a green background.

Why did he have to wear a suit?
He needed to wear this suit so that he could be added to a green background and be edited out easily and a background would be easily added to the picture.

What type of special effects (SFX) were employed on Star Wars The Force Awakens?

Abrams wanted this film to be as much like the original as possible so he used as much CGI as he could to make it relate and connect to the original. He did most of it practically though as he felt this had a better feel and reaction via an audience.

How many people were behind the monitor watching the scene when Han and Chewie returned to the Millennium Falcon?
Over 200 people were behind the monitor as it was such an emotional journey and experience to be seen and watched as this hadn't happened in such a long time and people admired it. That moment will go down in Star Wars history.

Why was Simon Pegg thanked in the credits?
He was credited as he played a role in the film and he came up with numerous ideas surrounding the film and also because him and Abram are friends and he helped Abrams out by playing a role in this film.

JJ Abrams shot parts of Star Wars The Force Awakens in IMAX. What is IMAX?
IMAX is a  widescreen cinematography technique which produces an image 10 times larger than a standard film.

How many IMAX screens was the film available on?
Over 1000 IMAX screens was the height for this Star Wars.

What was the age rating of the film in the UK?
12A.

How much money did the UK Government contribute to this Star Wars?
The UK Government provided the film with £31.6 million to this particular film. This figure was 13% of the whole cost of the film.

How much was Harrison Ford paid to reprise his role of Hans Solo?
Harrison Ford was paid £20 million for his role in this Star Wars as it was a come back for his character.

How much were Daisy Ridley and John Boyega paid?
They earned between $100,000 ad $300,000 for their roles in this film.

Friday 16 September 2016

Star Wars the Force Awakens Research

Image result for star wars the force awakens
Star Wars the Force Awakens

Producers/Production Company – The producers of this Star Wars are: J.J. Abrams, Kathleen Kennedy and Bryan Burk. The production companies involved were: Lucasfilm and Bad Robot Productions.

Director – There was 1 Director of this film, he was J.J. Abrams. He is an American film director, producer, screenwriter and composer. He is best known for action and science fiction films, hence why he is the director of this action-packed film.

Screenwriters – There were 3 screenwriters for this film. They were: J.J Abrams, Lawrence Kasdan and Michael Arndt.

Actors –
  • Daisy Ridley – Rey
  • John Boyega - Finn
  • Harrison Ford - Han Solo
  • Oscar Isaac - Poe Dameron
  • Carrie Fisher - General Leia Organa
  • Mark Hamill - Luke Skywalker
  • Adam Driver - Kylo Ren
  • Lupita Nyong'o - Maz Kanata
  • Andy Serkis - Supreme Leader Snoke
  • Domhnall Gleeson - General Hux
  • Anthony Daniels - C-3PO
  • Peter Mayhew - Chewbacca
  • Max Von Sydow - Lor Sn Tekka
Budget
The budget for this film was $306 million (gross)
$245 million (net)
Locations
The film has been filmed in many locations such as: England, Scotland, Iceland, Ireland and United Arab Emirates.

Green light Date
The greenlight date for this film was 30th October 2012

Screens shown on
The number of screens that this film was shown on in the USA was 4,134 and in the UK it was 670. This was their peak number of screens that it was shown on. In the USA, the number of screens it was first shown on was 20. It was in the cinemas in America for 4 months.
Critical Reaction
The Critic Reaction was 92% and had an average rating of 8.2/10. They say that the film is “packed with action and populated by both familiar faces and fresh blood” and “had renewed energy”

Box Office Figures
On the opening day, the film made $57 million. On the Worldwide opening weekend and on the single weekend the gross was $529 million.
Canada and USA’s opening weekend made 247.97
China’s Box Office total was 30.7 million

Music
John Williams wrote this piece of music and it is widely recognised as it is played in all of the Stars Wars films yet this one is called Star Wars the Force Awakens.

Marketing
For this film, marketing such as billboard posters, adverts on the TV, adverts in magazines were all published to enhance publicity for the film. Star Wars also has its own website and the film can be found situated on this website. Posters were also placed outside of cinemas and all over the cinema once entered.

Tie-in-products
There were tie in products related to this film such as lunchboxes, water bottles, ice cream, children’s toys and special lightsabers. There are also unexpected products like lipsticks and jumpers. 
SFX
Many of the sounds in the film are special effects. A few of these include: Laser Cannons, Ray Guns and computer sci-fi. CGI was used to complete this film and a huge amount of visual effects were shown within the film to create and achieve practical means. In one of the scenes in the film the combination of practical effects, solid camera work and convincing performances make the scene more realistic and understandable. There was technology involved such as: Prosthetics, Solar Power Technology, Robotics and Lasers.
Any issues
Audiences have said that there was not enough politics and exposition in this film and character were not as likeable and complex as what they have been in previous films.


Our Girl Gender and Ethnicity Stereotypes

Gender and Ethnicity
Our girl is a drama based on BBC1. Our Girl is about a White British female who is a Medic in the British Army. She's over in Kenya because the Military need a Medic and her Boss claims that she is the best and just what they need. This Drama is a Mainstream Drama which means that everyone is able to watch this drama and most people are able to understand this drama. This is why they have Michelle Keegan as a main character because she used to be a main character In a TV Soap so she is well-known and well-loved so people are able to connect to her more.


Gender Stereotypes


Image result for our girl series 2The stereotype for gender is shown numerous times in this episode of Our Girl. The first way that she is stereotyped by is how every man shows genuine concern and worry that Georgie has been taken. This shows that because she is a Woman, she is very important and feels as though she may not have it in her to survive so they need to support her as much as they can so that she is able to survive. This shows a typical stereotype. On the other hand, Georgie does show a counter stereotype when she doesn't show herself as vulnerable later on in the episode and fights back when they are try to kill both her and Kiki. The terrorists feel as though they are too weak to fight back but she fights this and protests against them killing her. The usual stereotype would be that she would just take it because she is too weak to fight them, but within this episode she proves that wrong so therefore it is a counter stereotype.
At some parts in the episode though she does show typical female traits such as breathing extremely heavily in panic and when someone finally helps her to breathe again, she shows her vulnerability by showing pure distraught in her face and worry about what lies ahead. This is stereotypical because men are usually seen as the stronger gender so by her acting this was and portraying her emotions like this, it matches with the stereotype and shows her weakness.
Furthermore, when the men are finding her, they show no favourability towards her because she is female, which can sometimes happen in society and they remain the name "Primary" attached to her. Finally, the terrorists feel no shame or care for her when they throw her into the back of their van and throw her around as though she is an animal instead of a woman. Women are usually seen with dignity and respect so for this to happen it would not be seen as usual or a normal act to carry out.

Ethnicity Stereotypes
There are many traits of ethnic stereotypes including the fact that Elvis is an Asian British yet he is on the British Military and not fighting the Muslims. Another fact is the at the start, one of the terrorists compares Georgie, one white woman, to a thousand black children by explaining that the British government would never let anything happen to any of their soldiers, especially a female, yet it is okay for their military to kill 1000 black children and families just because it has 'moral meaning.' Abu (also one of the terrorists) is a white British converted Muslim. He has used religion to claim that he is fighting for what is right. He is a counter stereotype but is now gradually becoming a stereotype. He also refers to his terrorist group as "us" so he feels like he is part of that group and his loyalties never lied with the British even though he was born and raised there and has not long converted.


Sound

During the opening scene of episode 2 gender stereotypes are shown a lot through Georgie showing her vulnerability through the sounds that she makes and the way she is represented. There are a lot of diegetic sounds such as the shooting of gun and the screams that Georgie lets out to show that she is scared and is in despair. This shows her vulnerability and also shows what is happening in the scene through sound. This also can be classed as sychronous sound because it is what would be expected with the action that is taking place within the scene.Non-diegetic sound is also used as there is tension building music in the background and does not have a source on the screen. The music builds up tension and eventually leads to a climax which would show that the action is only just beginning. The music can also show movement as when the music is at a faster speed, the van is moving at a much quicker speed as well which would show a correlation between the two things. Furthermore, the screech of tyres is a way of building climax because the pitch increases showing a crescendo. Finally, a sound bridge is followed through two scenes when the increasing pitch music is carried on.


Mise-en-scene

Image result for our girl season 2The series is set in Kenya and this is easily noticeable by the broken down buildings that surround the area in most of the scenes and would indicate a warzone. Another way that a warzone is represented is how Georgie is dressed in scrubs and still has her gloves on throughout the kidnap showing that she was mid way through helping someone when an awful event occurred. Blood splatters on the windscreen could also make the scene become more alive and feel more realistic as it was splattered in random places like blood would after being shot. They are shown as dead when they are slumped down in their chairs which is a stereotypical way of showing that you are dead or acting as though you are. Furthermore, the main leader of the terrorist group is in black which could also be related to being scared or death as black is seen as a sinister colour and one that should be avoided. Using black could also be a representation of ISIS as their main colour is black and the way that they wear their headscarf's is the same. So they are showing a stereotypical view on what a terrorist looks and dresses like. 

Camera
There are many camera angles that are used to show representations such as an establishing shot which was used at the start of episode two when the van is just coming into the cameras view from a long distance away. This would show the build up to the kidnap scene and also show to an audience that something is about to happen. Also, during the attack, before the kidnap, the people are very much out of focus in the camera and the focus is around the special effects such as the blood smears and the dust on the vans windscreen. This is called shallow focus and also happen when Georgie arrives at the camp and the camera is focused in at each terrorist one by one as a way of introducing them to the audience through camera techniques. Other camera techniques that were used are hand-held camera and this was used when we were following Georgie and being dragged with her. The camera was placed at a lower angle to show the feet moving forward. Georgie's feet were dragging along as though she couldn't walk and the terrorists were walking fine which shows authority. Georgie has no authority because she is being dragged behind. Another focus was on Georgie's experience so a point-of-view shot is used so that we can see the experience from Georgie's perspective and the canted angle shows that there is tension and something is happening to someone that we should support so this use of technique shows that our priorities should lie with Georgie. Finally, there is a aerial shot which shows distance so could be incorporated as Georgie being taken far away so that nobody can find her in such a remote area.

Editing
Fast-paced editing is used throughout this episode as there are many scenes, during the action, that would need to have been previously filmed and carefully placed together afterwards. An example of this would be when there are three bullet holes in the windscreen of the van one after the other. Therefore, these would have had to have been done to  build tension. Also, continuity editing was used when the second episode has started as it repeated the end of the first episode so that we could remember the action that had previously taken place and as it was a replica of the episode before, it was continuity editing. Finally, at the end of the travelling scene, once Georgie had been kidnapped there was a cut which is an abrupt transition and maintains the continuity. It was done to show that the action had ended and the new ordeal for Georgie was just beginning.