Waterloo Road Age Textual Analysis

In the clip from Waterloo Road age is represented in contrasting ways to show a difference in power from each character of a different age. They are shown in contrasting ways by the way that the Director portrays them. The teachers are very patronising, uncool and are very unpopular by the teenagers. The teachers are there as an authority figure. The Director positions the audience to relate to their relevant age group, offering a variety of Narrative plots and characterisation.


In the opening scene, the first character that is introduced is made very clear to the audience through the pace of the footsteps and the close up shot of the feet between the chair legs. Shallow Focus was also used in this shot to portray the importance of these footsteps and warn the boys to be cautious of what is about to happen. The slow movement of the feet would tell the audience that this is a teacher approaching as the slow pace builds up tension which any pupil would feel as they hear these footsteps. It also helps the audience to understand that the boys have done something wrong. Cuts are also used to move forward and back from each shot of the feet and the boys and this would create more suspense.

Cuts were the first technique to be used and this was done between each shot. It was done mostly when the teacher has to rush out of the room to deal with the girl that is starting a fight with another school boy. Cuts were used by the Director to show how rapid events can start in schools and quickly they have to be dealt with to prevent them from happening again. An Ellipsis was used a lot when the girl was fighting the school boy. This was done by not including the scene when she pushes him into the room that she then goes into intimidate him in. As an audience, we would know that she has done this through the way that she pushes him out of the corridor. This was done to speed the action up and to create an ambiguous effect. Continuity Editing begins the scene as it is clear that there was a storyline behind the camera incident and why the teacher and pupil don't get on. This was done purely to carry on the storyline from the series and to enhance the relationships between characters. Shot-reverse-shot was also used a lot between characters as they were talking to different people. It was used the most In the first conversation with the teacher and pupils. It switches between the characters a lot which shows confusion as the pupils are acting as though they don't know what is going on. This fits the stereotype of teenagers hating school and being resilient to certain events. This was done to add a realistic approach to a pupils school life but to exaggerate how teachers and pupils can get on by showing 2 sides of the spectrum. Fast Paced Editing was used during the intimidation scene as all the shots were placed together very quickly to show how fast her anger was building up. The Director would have done it to add to the rush and intensity from both characters. As one character got angrier, one character got more nervous.
Non-Diegetic Sound was done through the music that was played in the background. This worked well with the intimidation scene as the music sounded like a heartbeat which could represent the school boy's heart beating faster and faster as his asthma attack begins to start. Diegetic Sound is also used when the dialogue starts, this relates onto Synchronous Sound as there were many sounds such as: constant chatter in the corridors of the school, slow foot pace from teachers and patronising tones from teachers. The main time in the clip that this happens would be with the distress in the young school boys voice as the girl begins shouting at him and intimidating him. The distress in his voice highlights exactly how scared he is and how uncomfortable he is around this girl. This would have been the directors intention as he wants the girl to look stronger and have power over him. 
All of these points were done by the Director, yet again to show realism, but also to add extra impact and drama to the scene. It was done to enhance the schools environment and show that, although this shot is based on one character, there are still people having their own conversations and school problems behind the scenes. Patronising voices were done by the middle aged teacher as he feels as though he has authority and is better than the children. He is portraying his dominance over them. He also does this by clicking at the boys to pass over the camera to him. This is a very important gesture to make to show authority and dominance. The language that the pupils use is also influenced by the people around them. The girl says "about my mum being a big hoe bag" This would be suggested that she has caught this on through her peers and this matches reality as teenagers are seen as being influenced greatly by their peers and following what they do. The language throughout this clip evidently shows this.
The younger teacher also seems very patronising and judgemental about the kids by the way that she speaks about them as she says "What do kids know about fashion." This also fits the stereotype.
An establishing shot was used when the pupils were walking down the corridor to establish the scene and to show that it was a school environment. It would have been done to set the scene and show how normal this school is and how standard its appliances and resources are. Medium Shots were also used quite a lot as people had conversations with each other. It was used mostly when the girls were talking in the corridor.
This would have been done to establish a character after the scene has been set. It could have been done in this instant, to introduce us, as an audience, to her uniform and could make us gain an opinion on her as a character by the way she holds herself and the way that she dresses. This also then relates onto the use of Canted Angles. This was used when the girl, as previously mentioned, drags the boy into the other room and begins intimidating him. It is used when she is towering over him to suggest that she has authority over him and he is weak and scared of her.Before the fights begins, a hand-held camera is used as the teacher rushes out of the classroom and eventually enters the room where the fight is taking place. This was done to show the rush that he was in and how urgently he was needed at the scene to help the boy. This was effective to helping the audience understand that school children place themselves on a ranked list and some teenagers are feared by others. This is the case in this situation and the Director would have done it to show that some teenagers are timid and some can be aggressive. A low angle is also used here to make her seem supremely powerful over him. An Insert Shot was used right at the beginning when the camera is slotted into the boys pocket to hide it from the teacher. This would have been done to show that they boys have done something bad and therefore need to cover up their mistake. Its a sneaky move via the boys so therefore required a discrete shot which would have been selectively chosen by the Director to portray this thought of the boys.
At then end of the clip, the teachers outfit is very uncool and he seems to be trying extra hard to gain popularity and attention from his pupils. This fits the stereotype of adults being unaware of popular culture. He is wearing his jeans really low which is where teenagers fell it is cool to wear them and he is wearing baggy clothes which is most associated with teenagers.  The teenagers also have their own sense of style as the girls have their shirts very low with their ties matching so that they are showing off their cleavage and one of the boys wears a scruffy jacket and comes across as a lazy character. He also has his tie really far down. This portrays the girls as wanting to flaunt themselves and caring for other peoples opinions a lot and the boys don't seem to care and just want to be themselves. The maintenance man also has a pen behind his ear and is wearing scruffy clothes which is typical of someone form this area of job. This was done so that he would stand out as the Maintenance man and wouldn't be mistaken as a teacher. Finally, there were a lot of educational posters placed around the school, not just in the classrooms, but in the corridors as well. This would be exactly like a school in real life as almost all schools are covered with educational posters and information around their schools. This would be done to yet again show realism and the scene becomes more believable when there are educational resources placed around the set.

Casuality Disability Textual Analysis

Editing
The first editing technique that was used was continuity editing, this was used at the start when the 2 characters were shown in a shop. There was a clear continuous storyline that had been shown before hand which showed the 2 men's relationship and how one of them became disabled. This was done to show continuous action and to help viewers who had previously been watching the programme to understand the storyline and show how both characters lives and storylines had carried on. Shot-reverse-shot was the second technique used when the man was injured in the ambulance and his wife came into the ambulance and they began to argue. This was used to show the conversation that was happening between 2 characters and the way the camera followed them shows how intense the argument and situation between the two is. Fast-paced editing was shown when the man passed out in the road and the lady, and the 2 main characters, came running over to assist him. This was done to show how urgent and important it was to get over to him and help him, as he was in desperate need of help and also shows the relationship between him and the lady that worked in the café as she was the first at the scene and she rushed over to ensure that he was safe. A Cut was then used when he had passed out and the camera cut straight back to the people in the café. This was done so that we could witness their response and see what action was then going to follow. It also helps the scene to carry on to the next section of the characters helping him and whether the man survives.
Camera
A Point-of-view shot was used when the 2 men were sat down in the café and the Lady, that the man is friends with, walks away and he is staring at him and admiring her. This was done to show his opinion on the lady through his facial expressions. He shows a very admired look on his face and he shakes his head and says the line "And I bet she's taken". This is a counter stereotype as it shows that he feels he has all the qualities and attributes that any other man with mobility has despite the fact that he is in a wheelchair and seen as "pathetic" and a "burden". It is also a counter stereotype to disabled people being "non-sexual" as he sees this lady as someone that he would like to get to know in more detail and maybe spend some time with. So he can still show affection and the desire to develop a relationship. A Tracking Shot was then used when the bikes were crowding the man in the housing estate. It followed the bikes and the way the man was walking away form then. This was done to show that there was action about to take place and something was going to happen due to the bikes that were following the man through the estate. A Canted Angle then followed on from this when the man fell backwards down the stairs. This was done to follow the stereotypes of people who have a disability, whether that be mentally or physically, to show that they can be a "super cripple" and a "burden to themselves" as this mans condition means he can not control his actions and health alone. The angle also shows the gradient at which he fell. An Establishing Shot was then used when the bikes were shown, as we could see the whole housing estate and when the café scene came into place as we could see all of the buildings in the background and all of the inside of the café. This was done to show the type of establishment that they lived in and to show an outlook into their lives. It also set the scene and helped the audience to understand the area at which this was filmed and produced in. A hand-held camera was the final camera technique present in this clip and this was shown when the lady that works in the café and the 2 men ran over to the ma who had collapsed on the road. This was done to portray that disabled people can be "unable to participate in daily life" with help form friends and people present as he can not walk the streets alone due to him passing out at no specific time. It also shows a counter stereotype by the man in the wheelchair as he takes control of the situation by ringing the ambulance and demanding essential supplies to keep the man safe. The camera effect added urgency and desperation that these 2 physically capable people felt when they were rushing to help somebody in desperate need.
Sound
Diegetic sound was the first technique that was apparent in this clip as dialogue was used as soon as the scene started. This is done to help the episode progress as there are people created the action through what they say an this creates a carry on storyline for this episode, and future episodes, to follow. The dialogue that stood out in the start scene was "Quit pushing me around" which is yet again a counter stereotype as he wants his independence and doesn't want everything done for him as he feels capable within himself to carry on doing tasks such as moving his wheelchair himself. His brother then goes on to say "Self-centered and ungrateful" as though he is portraying his anger for trying to help. This was done to also show how his character has not yet fully adapted to how he should and shouldn't help and how much independence his brother should have now that he is physically disabled. He thinks that his brother does fit the typical stereotype of being "pathetic" and "his own worst enemy" because he wont ask for help and accept that in certain situations he does need it. The final piece of dialogue that stands out as one tat would affect an audiences way of thinking is when he says "I've had enough, this disease is winning". This has been done to show that disabled people can have vulnerable moments and they are quite vulnerable people so it fits with the stereotype as this is how some people can view them due to the fact that they can not always do things for themselves. It can also be seen as a way of self-pitying because they have no other way of portraying their emotions. Non-diegetic sound helped the scene too as there was music in the background of the shop scene and music in the café. This portrays a real life event as this is what is usual in such an environment. This also helps the episode become easier to relate to and for the audience to understand as this would be what would normally happen in a realistic environment. Synchronous Sound occurred when the brakes on the car were pressed so that the car wouldn't hit the man and when the phone rings to the ambulance. This was done to show a realistic scene and to heighten the sound effects to make them more noticeable to show what was happening in the scene. It was expected with what was being viewed so the audience can hear this and understand what is happening even without looking at the screen.
Mise-en-scene
When the couple entered the ambulance, it was clear that the crew were wearing yellow paramedic suits. This matches reality as these are the suits that ambulance crews wear in reality so it would ad a sense f normality to the scene but also to symbolise that their job is to care ad protect someone as this is the message usually attached to someone wearing this suit. A prop was then used, this was a Catheter. A Catheter was used to show how he had now lost control over his body and he couldn't even do simple tasks for himself. This shows a loss of control and the stereotype that he is "pitiable". His hands are also curled up when he is sat in his wheelchair. This is another way of showing a loss of control and ability to care for himself as his body has given up just like he mentally has.Lighting was another key element in this scene as when they were sat in the café, the lighting was bright and elegant whereas when they were in the tunnel it was dark and unclear. This was done to portray the environment that they were in and how different they are to each other. The darker tunnel would portray the housing estate as poor and that people there may have struggles financially. Whereas, the higher lighting shows a joyful atmosphere in the café and highlights exactly why people are there. It can also show that this is a communal area. The music also portrays status as the music is more like rock and it is hard and the men on the bikes are wearing tracksuits. This kind of music is most commonly associated with people who wear hoodies and hang around on estates so that is a typical stereotype. The next costume that was used was the Doctors and Nurses blue suits. They also had stethoscope's around their necks. This is a common stereotype of all professions that work in a hospital as this is what it is like in reality. This is a sight that someone with a disability may see regularly. It is done to portray reality. Another action was then used as the 2 people opened the door for the man in the wheelchair. This matches the stereotype that they are "pitiful" and "pathetic" because they are unable to do anything for themselves. He is unable to even open a door which shows how much he relies on his family and friends being around him. It was done to show that disability can severely take over someone's life and they may need help, in future life, with daily tasks that people without a disability take for granted.

Doc Martin Regional Identity Textual Analysis

Editing
Continuity editing is used at the start of the scene and in the middle as the action carries on into each scene to show that each scene is linked and the storyline carries on. It is shown at the start to show that something in this scene has happened before for them all to be in there. Shot-reverse-shot is also used this is done in the first shown when the 2 plumber characters are talking to each other this is done so that it shows the conversation between 2 characters and the continuity they have when talking to each other. It moves quite slow to show that there is no intensity in the conversation and that it is an everyday conversation that they could maybe have in a different environment. Fast Pace Editing was also needed to be used when the tap breaks and it needs fixing, in the first scene. This would have been used to make the scene move on in a very fast pace and to show the audience that they are rushing around trying to sort the problem. The fast pace shoes urgency and intensity. Cuts were particularly used when Doc Martin walks around the town and meets different people. This was done to represent his personality as he is sharp and to the point so in this scene the camera matches his actions. It also shows how quick he needs to get to know people in the Village as he is the new Doctor and needs to come to terms with people’s conditions. Another technique is A Tracking Shot this was used when he was walking down the street past the school and he looks into the window at the teacher. This was done to show continuous action and lets the audience feel involved in his movement and understand the purpose to where he is going and why.

Sound
Digetic Sound is the first technique that is used as there are monologues and duologues a long with dialogue in the first scene and it continues through each scene as different characters begin to speak and start conversations. They also have accents which would be found in the West County. This was done so that the storyline flows and it shows a typical small town in which everyone knows each other and can have a conversation despite how much they know each other. The accents also help to set the scene and show where it is set as most people talk in the same accent and know each other Non-diegetic sound was the second technique noticeable as there was constant music played in the background of the scenes. This helped set the scene as the music was very regional as it was a typical stereotyped music of what would be listened to and found at the corners of the Country (around the sea). The music also follows his footsteps so it is continuous and has a beat that follows how he walks. When he is angry, the music is fast and upbeat and represents his state of mind. Sychronous Sound was used when there sounds such as water splashing everywhere and people screaming when the tap burst. This was done to show what is actually happening and make the scene seem realistic. There was also seagull sound which would only usually be expected to be found around the sea and around beaches where people would go on holiday. A telephone and dog barking also helped show where the scene was taking place. This would show that they are in a seaside town and to show what was in and around the scene and to set the atmosphere and aid the understanding of an audience. They also shouted when the tap broke and used a loud tone with urgency, this shows distress and panic about what to do next and rush around because no one knew what to do with what had happened, Soundbridges were followed through on each scene as the music was continuous and so was the speaking of each character. This was also done to show continuity and it also shows a stereotype of a seaside town as nothing really changes and there aren’t that many new faces for people as every knows each other due to how small the town really is.

Camera
An Establishing Shot was used when the greenery was shown and the Country houses in the background of Doc Martin’s conversation with the lady asking for a prescription. This shows off the environment as it all looks stereotypical with buildings on the rocks of cliffs and lots of greenery and hills around like there aren’t many people living there. Medium shots were also used when he walked past the school building and he looked at the teacher in the building. This helps the audience to understand what his presence around the town does and how he walks when he is angry. It also helps an audience to understand his characteristics by his walk and his posture. A point-of-view shot was used when he was staring into the classroom at the teacher and she stares back. When they look, it is shown by their expression that they clearly know each other, which helps and audience to understand that there is a back story to this couple and something has previously happened and something will mostly be carried on from this. The Doc always has his chest up when he is looking into the camera and talking to someone form the camera angle. He has an almost perfect posture which shows his background and where he was brought up compared to how the people in Cornwall live. They have a more relaxed environment. Whereas, the Doc coming from the city means he’s more stressed and up tight.

Mise-en-scene
There were a variety of costumes in these scenes. Doc Martin is wearing a very pristine suit that is very formal and smart. This shows that he is from the city where standards are very high and everyone cares for their appearance as they are meeting new people nearly every day. This suit does not match the regional identity. This is in comparison to how everyone in a small town knows each other and doesn’t care as much for their appearance due to the fact that their jobs are quite hands on. The Plumbers are wearing boiler suits which shows their job role and how informal their jobs can be due to how they keep their suits and how dirty they are. The setting is also very stereotypical as there are a long line of shops that would be found by the seaside such as a sweet shop and a souvenir shop. This shows the audience that all seaside towns can look the same and are made for tourists. There are also very old fashioned cottages and they are made of stones that are multi-coloured. These would more likely been seen in a seaside town as they are very vibrant and intriguing for tourists to be lured in by. The props are very outdated such as the hoover being in the police station and the computer that is in the background. These show how far behind old fashioned towns can be on technology and how they can’t keep up to date on advances due to their lack of resources and people. The last prop used was the tools and sink that signify what their jobs entailed and why they were placed in this scene.

Downton Abbey Class and Status stereotypes

Downton Abbey is set in 1912 within which a set of maids and housekeepers work and live for keeping their "Ladyships" and "Lordships" happy. It is set in a classic Georgian country house in England, North Hampshire. In this scene, the Titanic has just sunk and the horrific news has just hit the house and everyone within the house is shocked and felling very sympathetic to the people that were living upon the Titanic, especially as the high class people that own the house may know and have associated themselves with individuals that may be aboard the Titanic. The house is very manic and there are various different jobs going on in the different rooms to keep the Lord and Ladyships happy and content. The classes are placed in different sections of the hotel as the higher class are upstairs in the Master bedrooms and the lower class are downstairs in basic beds and have basic necessary needs. 

The first editing technique that was used is fast paced editing when all of the events are going on within the house and all the different jobs need doing. The bells keep going off for all the different rooms of people who are in need of service and everyone is moving around rapidly trying to serve. People are eating at the breakfast table all calmly and the maids and housekeepers around them are running around rapidly trying to please them and making sure that their tea cup is full and their food is done to the standard that they would expect. This shows a huge contrast between each event that is happening within the house and is an example of a class stereotype as all the Lord and Ladyships are up in their bedrooms ringing for assistance whilst the maids and servants are downstairs awaiting their call and running around after whoever needs them or whoever they are serving that day. It is a stereotype as the people that are dressed formally within a Grand house would be expected to be the Upper class and be expected to have people waiting upon them yet the people with scruffy clothes or dirty outfits due to cleaning or food stains would be seen as Lower Class and would not be expected to have any rights or respects within that house in anyway. The writer would have done this to signify the upper and lower classes and to ensure that this is remembered and considered throughout the programme. It also makes people aware of how different people of different classes live. 


Two further editing techniques that were used were Cross cutting and L-cut. Cross cutting was used when the postman is delivering the newspaper and all of the work colleagues are inside prepping and preparing the food. This shows a contrast in jobs that people of the lower class can have and take part in. Some are able to live a more free life by delivering newspapers and associating less with the higher class. Whereas, the people work in the Abbey are having to associate with people in the higher class much more as they live with them and do all of their jobs for them. The Directors intentions for this was to ensure that the audience will see the difference and job types and the way that people are treated in a  different contrasts.


An L-cut was also strategically placed when the two woman on the bottom floor cooking the breakfast are talking to each other and when the camera switched to the younger maid, the older maid was still talking through her scene. This shows an overlap in speech. This was done by the Director so that the intensity can be shown and how manic the scene really is for them. By them talking over each other, it can also show an overlap in the jobs that they have to do and how many there are. This shows that all maids jobs have to overlap each other so that they can get their daily tasks done.

Cuts were also frequently used within this first section of the scene as it moved from each section of work. For example, it moved between the breakfast table, to the kitchen, to the hallway and finally back into the breakfast room where the Lordship has finally awoken and made his way downstairs. Cuts are useful as they collaborate with the fast paced editing well to speed up the scene and show a sense of urgency and desperation within the maids and housekeepers jobs. This could also communicate the desperation in a housekeeper’s mind when they have to serve their Master and how they feel the need to rush around so that they do not displease them.

Shot-reverse-shot was also a technique involved in this scene when the Lord and Ladyship are in their bedroom and they are having a conversation involving somebody that they know aboard the Titanic. The camera switches between both characters after they have finished their section of speech. This would help a conversation flow naturally and help an audience to follow the duologue in the most understanding way.

Shot-reverse-shot also links to continuity editing as the editing technique continues the scene and duologue and helps the scene to carry on and move on after the conversation. This would have been done in the slow manner that it was to prove to the audience that this is a very upsetting conversation for these two characters to have had and the slow movement of the scene would enhance the idea that they are distressed and upset regarding the fact that they don’t know the state and welfare of the people that they know aboard the Titanic. By completely slowing the scene down, it enhances the effect of stillness and tension between the two character’s conversation.

The first camera technique that is used is within the first 10 seconds of the scene when the cyclist is biking along the long stretch road to the Grand Georgian House. An Establishing Shot is used to show the sheer size and proportion of the house compared to the cyclist and the grounds that surround the house. This shot would instantly tell an audience that the people living within this house were of a higher class and had many riches and maybe were inherited a lot of money. It could also trigger in an audience’s mind what the series is going to be about and who the series will follow. Housekeepers and maid are the first that would come into mind as people living within a house like that would stereotypically have maids and people waiting on them as they either don’t want to do it themselves or can’t do it themselves. It starts the series off with a typical stereotype that higher class people live in huge houses and have lots of money to pay for housekeepers and keep such a huge house running in the way that they like.

As soon as the scene enters further into the house and the Lordship is walking downstairs with his dog, stedicam is used as it produces a smooth and even shot when he is walking downstairs to show elegance and grace of the upper class. This is in complete contrast to the fast paced editing shown in the kitchen which also shows the difference in pace between each classes as the lower class have to work fast to please the higher class and the higher class go slow and everybody waits on them. This is a stereotype as when the camera is downstairs the camera seems hand-held as everybody is rushing and doesn’t show a posture as much as what the Upper Class do. This would have been done to show that the classes are extremely different and even their posture can vary as they both have different jobs and responsibilities and hold themselves depending on what environment within which they grew up in.

A medium shot was also used but this time in the bedroom when they are having the conversation about the people on the Titanic. This shot would have been used to show how the Ladyship is sitting up in bed and how she never slouches no matter what position she is in. Lordship is also stood straight up right and has his hands behind his back which is a stereotypical stance for someone of a higher class as it is a sign of respect. When reflecting on a stereotypical higher class male or female, they tend to always be associated with a certain stance or position that they stand in and in this situation the male is standing in this stance to show authority to his wife and to also reflect his class and status.

A high shot was used when the maid is cleaning the fire pit and the central maid walks in to check on her. The angle faces down at the maid and this signifies that she could be scared of the high mistress and wants to do what she can to please her. This could have been done by the Director to show that she is weak and has less authority than anybody else in the frame. They would have done it to ensure that her class was noticed to a significant amount. Tracking Shots were used as the younger housemaid walked through the house to her station. During her shot all of the maids and butlers were shown doing their jobs and each room in the house was shown in the shot. This was done to shown how many different jobs there are to be done in the house and how each maid and butler can be ranked In a system. The ranking is shown through the costumes that they are wearing and how smart each maid and butler looks. A Wide shot was used when the man is cycling down the path to the Abbey house with the newspapers. This was used to set the scene and to show how excessive the house is and how posh it is. This would then lead an audience on to thinking that the house is owned by people of a higher class and they have people waiting on them. Therefore, this shot is able to set a storyline as well as a scene.

The final camera technique that was used is a canted angle. This is used when a servant is ironing the newspaper for the Lordship. As he reads about the Titanic’s sinking the camera is looking up purely at his facial expression and the paper is large. The focus point is on the man’s facial expression as he portrays both shock and distress after seeing such awful news. This angle would have been used to show that all classes do think the same and they all have the same feelings and emotions that a class above them would have even though they don’t have the luxuries do. He also shows on his face how scared he is to tell his Lordship what has happened when he passes the paper on as he knows this big event will affect him a lot and he will definitely know people aboard as most people aboard were of a higher class. He could also be thinking of his situation as well as if he wasn’t with this particular family, he could have been abroad that ship and maybe lost his life as well. He would have thought this as first class people had priority over the lifeboats as they are deemed “more important”.

Diegetic sound was the first technique that was used in this scene as it helped to add atmosphere and a sense of urgency to the scene in the kitchen when all the maids and housekeepers are running around starting their daily duties. The sounds that are heard are pots clanging together and people shouting at each other under the stress of the kitchen job roles and the sounds of plates being banged together whilst they are being washed. These are also stereotypical sounds within a kitchen scene as when pots are being washed they are expected to be hit together when people through them in if they are in a rush. When people think of washing up, instead of dishwashers, they think of the middle or lower class as sometimes it isn’t seen as necessary or is of a too higher expense to have one fitted. So this would be a noise and class stereotype and would only be lined to the housekeepers as they are doing the cleaning and are lower class. If the Lady and Lordships were doing the washing of pots, then they would more than likely use a dishwasher for the speed of it and it is cost effective due to the amount of pots and cutlery that they use when they are eating and drinking.

Non-diegetic sound is also used through the scenes as there is constant music repeating. This music is also a stereotype to the higher class as it is playing classical music and consists of violins and other string instruments. This is a stereotype as it is usual to hear classical music when associated with higher class people yet the middle and lower classes are more likely to listen to rock or pop music. This would also help to set the scene as this is the type of music that was created back in the early 20^th century and thoroughly enjoyed. As this episode is the start of a season, it would help the audience to understand background knowledge and help them to understand what may be about to happen in this series and what maybe entailed through the music as it is able to set a scene.

This then also leads onto a sound bridge as the same music does continue through the first series of scenes to show continuity and that all of these jobs and events can go on in this household in the space of a song length. Having music carrying on through can also help an audience to relate to a scene as this audience can be for any audience type but through the music could maybe communicate more heavily with the older generation as they may have been brought up around this music and would enjoy it better more than what the newest generation could. This could then also maybe impact on the type of audience that they then have.

Synchronous Sound was also used at the start of the scene when the bike is travelling to the house. The noise is one that would be expected to be viewed as you can hear the tyres travelling on the gravel and it makes the expected noise that would follow on from this. The young boy who is travelling on the bike is of a middle or lower class and this can be told through the fact that he is travelling on a bike. People of a higher class would travel with horses to pull them along or have a person leading those horses with a cart following behind that they are sat in. The higher class would have everything done for them so wouldn’t feel it necessary to go around on a bike, hence why the young boy on the bike is delivering papers. The sound would make the scene more realistic and believable as the bike is making the noise that you would hear in everyday life when walking down the street so by adding in the effect it helps the audience to relate and come to terms with the series more.

The dialogue that is used is also in a very stereotypical manner as when the Lordship is talking about the Titanic sinking and the passengers on board, he says “You mean the Ladies in first class”. This line would tell an audience that this is what a man of higher class would expect to happen, when an event such as the Titanic sinking takes place, to happen. He knows that the higher class people are treated with more respect and are shown as more important so he expects that the first class ladies were saved first as in his world this would be normal for him.
They also show that they associate themselves with many other higher class people as when a housekeeper asks them if they are likely to know anybody aboard the Titanic they simply say “We had dinner with a couple just last week” so they’re friendships and relationships with other couples are broad and they feel they have a duty to protect that. This is also shown when her Ladyship says “You must tell Mary; she shouldn’t find out from anybody else”. This shows that they are close with other people and they feel obliged to care and protect their friends. This can be compared to the lower class, through dialogue, as a maid goes on to say “Why are the papers ironed?” This would have been done to show that they don’t have as much care and knowledge surrounding small gestures such as the higher class do as they would never dream of ironing a newspaper considering they can’t even iron their own clothes. She also says it in a more common accent compared to the articulate way that the people of the higher class speak. This is done to show that they do have different ways of life and they are brought up in completely different environments and societies with different morals.

Lighting is the most noticeable technique that is used in this scene as in the kitchen, which is downstairs, it is a very dark area which could represent low income and a dismal atmosphere. With the lighting being low it shows that hardly any money is spent on essentials and care is not taken for the environment that they have to work in. This could show that people of a higher class and authority can be very snobby and only care for the people that are closest to them. This contrasts with the lighting that is upstairs as there are various lamps and chandeliers which adds colour and light to their room and enhances their dress and decoration in their room which would also be a way of showing off their earnings and proving that they are better people. It is a stereotype for higher class people to have numerous chandeliers and fancy lamps all around their rooms because they are expensive and they can afford these items and make them last. They also take special care of them so that they will never need to buy another.

There are also silver decanters next to the breakfast set that is silver plates and numerous knives and forks and glasses. Everything is made of glass and they are of a small proportion. Every ornament around the grand building also seems to be gold and of an expensive nature so is placed very delicately. These gold and silver ornaments would have been places in the scene to show their expenses and are also props that would be expected in such a huge house so it would portray reality.

At the entrance of the room there are huge mirrors so that they can view what they are wearing and ensure that they look acceptable to make their way downstairs. These huge mirrors are gold plated and show that they are also putting their expenses into all sorts of items to yet again show off their wealth. Downstairs there isn’t even a pocket mirror for the housekeepers to look at themselves in so they would just turn up to work looking however they feel looks acceptable for them.

This then leads on to what each class types are wearing. The waiters and head maids are wearing suits that look pristine and acceptable to enter the house itself and appear in their lady and Lordships bedrooms and look acceptable but more than likely, they would have had to have earn this position, and dress, to be allowed to dress in that manner. The hair is also a good factor to look at as all of the people who own the house, so the Lord and Lady ships, and the higher up maids have pristine hairstyles, that have quite clearly had time and effort put into them, yet the maids that are in the kitchen and cleaning rooms have hair falling out of their buns and looks as though it hasn’t been brushed at all.

The maids also have a stereotypical uniform which includes a bonnet and bowties. This is very typical as they would always be seen in black and white uniforms which are extremely formal. The maids that wear these outfits would be the ones that associate themselves with the Lord and Lady ships and maybe take their breakfast to them, yet again on a silver tray. The other maids would be in a stereotypical lower class maids outfit which is grey and whiten and is scruffy as it isn’t as cared for and looked after as they are just hidden away downstairs doing their jobs. This would also have been done to portray how each maids are treated to yet again follow the stereotypical idea of the higher and lower class.


Hotel Babylon Ethnicity Stereotypes

The technique of "cut" was used during the race when the man was caught and the camera flicked between both the cupboard and the men chasing the man who they were taking away. It cut straight from the man being chased to the people in the cupboard and watched both events occurring at the same time and different reactions. This was used to establish continuous action and would have added a sense of urgency and tension. Shot-reverse-shot was also used at the beginning of the clip when the receptionist talks to the man that is sat down and gives him a reminder. He then looks back as though he is going to respond to what she has said. This suggests the intensity involved in their conversation and the urgency in what she is saying and how quickly it needs to be done. It then gives the audience an insight into what my happen next and what they could be planning to do due to what is going on within the hotel. At 3:22 the camera zooms into their faces as they are shocked and someone has walked into the room which adds the effect that the audience are walking into the room too. The editing also connotes the narrative through the way that is was constructed such as following each scene and editing it very specifically to ensure that once the Immigrants have been showed as lower class, they are thrown into a cupboard and other usual tasks carry on taking place whilst they are suffering down under the floorboards of ordinary life. Fast-Paced editing is also used which reflects emotions and situations so as scenes are edited together quickly and of a faster pace than ordinary, it is easier to tell the emotions of the character and understand the hurry and rush surrounding the present events.

Diegetic sound is used a lot within this extract such as verbal interaction and gasps as the lady passes out. All of this sound has a source on screen hence why it is called diegetic sound. Other sounds such as banging on the floor whilst the man is being taken away and door slamming once they have escaped. The immigrants also pray as they are locked in the cupboard which identifies their ethnicity as well as each of them could be of different religions and could have different God's that they are praying too to keep them safe. Non-Diegetic sound was also used in this extract as there is some sort of repetitive sound that continues all the way through which sounds like tension music which would keep intensity all the way through the scene which is what is needed to keep the importance known throughout. It would have been done to show that the plot is extremely important and this scene is very tense and would also draw an audience in to feel more connected and a part of the scene. This music is also carried on through each scene which would be a sound bridge as the music is continuous. This connects each scene and shows that there is something to relate to in each scene. This is done to show a link.


The other type of sound that is used is synchronous sound and this is used throughout the scene as all sounds that are heard are expected as they match the action that is on going. For example, when the lady does pass out, you hear gasps as that is what would be heard if someone did pass out in front of you therefore it is an expected sound within the scene. When she does pass out, Tessa Perkins theory is shown as the man helps her when she is passed out by rubbing jam on her gums, this is a positive stereotype, as he gives her an instant sugar boost which fights the stereotype that all Immigrant people don't have previous skills sets. This man clearly does and is able to use them, despite not being in that job anymore, and is able to help someone as a consequence. In the reception area they speak very formally and use standard English as they are in a high class hotel and this is a typical stereotype for that kind of environment. Yet when they are downstairs, they all talk over each other as though they are in a rush and they talk fast and in their usual tone instead of a tone or language that may be put on. They also speak with an accent or in a foreign language which shows their ethnicity and background. The sound is constantly surrounding which would create an atmosphere and show continuity between the scenes. The man in the cupboard who looks after the lady who passes out says "I haven't always been a cleaner" which shows that he did have a life before he was reduced to this and treated so differently and people expected so much less of him. It draws the audience in and makes them realise that this hasn't always been their life but this is what they have been left with and need to deal with.

Tessa Perkin's theory is first recognised when it is clear that there are separate groups such as: White and black people, Illegal Immigrants and different generations. Each of these characters are stereotyped in different ways so it supports her theory that they aren't always about a less powerful group. The women that are important within the hotel are all dressed in business dress which could be a counter stereotype as usually, women are seen as assistant managers instead of genuinely being a Manager themselves. The costume would be a stereotype though as this is typical of what a business woman would wear. Another stereotype would be that all cooks are in white clothing which is what is expected and followed within many films or TV Programmes. It is a typical trait along with Bellboys in suits and looking presentable and holding themselves with pride which would be expected as they are front of the hotel and are representing the hotel considering they are front of house. Furthermore, all customers and visitors at the hotel are in formal outfits and are dressed in a way which would be seen as posh as the hotel is quite high class.


This can be illustrated through the way that all staff hold themselves and dress. The final way costumes show off stereotypes are the way that the Police are wearing typical Police dress which they are most recognised by in most TV Dramas or films. The hotel, as a set, is also suitably dressed up and shown to be as grand as how the staff are dressed. It gives off a very pristine and perfect impression on anyone that would be watching with a certain opinion. The Police and Immigration officers were shown as Antagonists as they made the situation seem like a game and it was continuous and that they would be back which scares the characters and would keep them and the audience on edge.  The police use Leon Festinger's theory as Police officers should be Protagonists as they are there to make the community a better and safer place but yet they are scaring people out of their jobs and dragging them away from their livelihoods in the worst way possible. Through the way that these characters have been represented as smaller and having dirty and scruffy uniform, it shows how badly they were treated and how white people and workers had a higher status. There colours of the suits of the ladies shows their class and how high up they are within the business. The white suit shows that she is of a higher authority as it is kept in a pristine condition and the housekeeper wears a black suit, which is the same as other Immigrant workers and maids, which shows she is of a lower authority.


The scene is also stereotypical as the hotel is luxury and guests are treated in a luxurious manor but the cupboard that the Immigrants are thrown into is very small and cramped. This demonstrates that their ethnicity is looked down upon and they aren't provided with the privileges and specialities that the others have. At the end f the extract, they are all placed on separate tables, although they are in the same room, which seems to be based on their ethnicities and they are situated downstairs away from all the other staff as they eat and are given a cold looking, cramped room yet again to share. They are though, sat in a  communal group this shows that they can have the same traits and when they work together they have a very positive environment and they are hard workers so they can achieve as much as anyone else. This also follows Tessa Perkin's theory as they aren't all of the same minority or ethnic group, they are all a part of different groups and they are all discriminated against. The last use of the scene would be lighting as up in the reception area the lighting is artificial yet downstairs where the housekeepers and hidden and perform their duties, they have low-light which could translate to how much money or their class that each ethnicity have as they, stereotypically, may not have enough money to afford high-level lighting so by using low level light it reflects both their class and ethnicity.

A Hand-Held camera was used quite a lot in this clip especially during any panic and running around such as when the lady collapses and when the man is caught and carried out of the building. This illustrates to the audience feel as though they are part of the action and as though they are experiencing it with him. It adds a shaky feeling. The camera shakes and follows the lady fall as though falling with her. This could make the audience feel as though they are one of the people hiding in there with everyone else and they have fallen with her to help her. A tracking shot was also used in a very effective way as the camera followed the sequence of action between each scene. For example it followed the mans chase and then focused back on everyone hiding in the cupboard. Furthermore, when he leaves the hotel and is eventually dragged away, it follows his departure and exit of the building. As he is being dragged away by Immigration, the camera looks up at him and gives a different angle. This could represent his place in society and how he should be at the bottom where the camera is but instead he has a job and a comfortable life, up until now. A point-of-view shot is also used a lot when it zooms into peoples faces to see their reaction and opinion to the situation that has just occurred.


A typical stereotype for a black person would be to be scared of anyone that is taunting and of a high importance but within this clip, they break that stereotype and show a counter stereotype as when the Lady uses the code word and the man leaves he shows no fear just ambition. It zooms in on his face and it doesn't seem as though he is scared and he shows a resilience but at the end, when he is taken away, the Manageress looks shocked and completely scared by what has just happened. It is quite clear that she now doesn't know what to do considering she didn't know how to protect one of her employees and Immigration could come back. At 3:22 the camera zooms into their faces as they are shocked and someone has walked into the room which adds the effect that the audience are walking into the room too. There are different takes with the camera. There are long shots for the people who are of a higher society class such as the officers and the police and the receptionist by there are shorter shots for the Immigrants when it shows them in the cupboard. The angles that are used for each ethnicity of character is also shown as when an Immigrant is present on the screen, the camera is either facing them or looking up at them which would show their class as that would socially be the angle that they are looking at people from. Shallow focus is also used when the housekeeper is shown as shocked when the Immigration officer leaves and the receptionist starts talking to her. It could be seen as a dream and something that she is imagining and that is why the receptionist is out of focus.

Luther Textual Analysis

Background

In this clip, gender stereotypes are shown in numerous ways and the usual stereotypes aren't followed as they would be expected to be. The woman in this clip is the heroin and ends up killing a villain which would quite typically be a man's job as it would be seen as too violent for a woman to take on.

Sound

The way that she speaks is very taunting and patronising which you wouldn't expect as women are usually only placed in Film and TV Dramas as a decorative to make the men look good but in this clip, the man that later enters is the decorative because she has full control and power. This would also be seen s a counter stereotype because she is taking control and threatening a man which is not what is expected from a female. There is also music that is building up at the start of the clip which could show that action is about to start and a huge change in the plot or disastrous event is about to occur. It is continuous throughout the duologue and shows a continuation in the action and scene. There is also synchronous sound as once Ian has been strangled, he is struggling to breathe and he shows this within the sound that he makes afterwards. It is an expected sound to what has just happened. There is also non-diegetic sound as there is continuous music in the background throughout each section of the scene, even though the music does change based on the different action that occurs. At the end of the clip, the music changes and signifies that he is now gone and it is the end of previous action and continuous hatred. Diegetic sound was also used in the clip as dialogue is used throughout and noises within the clip also have a source on screen.

Editing

One of the only editing techniques that was used was shot-reverse-shot. This was shown at the start of the clip when both Ian and Luther are talking to each other and the camera switches between them as they are saying something to each other. The camera moves very quickly which increases tension as what they are saying becomes more intense and compressive. As the scene carries on, the camera moves much slower which would suggest that somebody is in control.

Mise-en- scene

The blood splattered all over Ian after her has been shot is spread quite excessively and does look very unrealistic. It does not show realism within the techniques that are shown to have been used to splatter the blood. the men are also wearing suits which is typical dress suit in London of a professional male. It shows them as being ordinary males and they don't stand out as dangerous murderers. It shows a deeper message that anyone is different and not everyone is as they look. They are also wearing jackets as it is cold outside and yet again it shows that they are just ordinary people and they do ordinary things. Alex is wearing a hat which also makes her seem completely normal and could even give her a motherly effect as it is comfortable clothing. It is only until she pulls out a gun and starts threatening Ian and eventually kills him that we see her psychopathic side and intentions.

Camera

At the beginning,the camera passes between both characters faces to show that they are having a conversation. As one person says something, it then switches to the other character as if waiting for a response. An establishing shot is also used after Ian has been shot and is lying on the floor dead. The camera shows the setting of the scene whilst all characters remain stood still. It shows the whole building setting an adds an atmosphere to the scene. Another shot that was used was a point of view shot. This was used when Luther had been stabbed and he was talking about how Ian shouldn't be killed so we can see his opinion from his perspective and his angle which helps to make us relate more with his character. Hand-held camera was also used when the characters were fighting so it added a shaky feeling to the scene and added more tension to the fight. It helps the audience feel as though they are involved in the action. The camera also zooms in closely on their faces so the audience can tell from their facial expressions and eyes, just how they are feeling and what they maybe planning on doing next.

Our Girl Gender and Ethnicity Stereotypes

Gender and Ethnicity

Our girl is a drama based on BBC1. Our Girl is about a White British female who is a Medic in the British Army. She's over in Kenya because the Military need a Medic and her Boss claims that she is the best and just what they need. This Drama is a Mainstream Drama which means that everyone is able to watch this drama and most people are able to understand this drama. This is why they have Michelle Keegan as a main character because she used to be a main character In a TV Soap so she is well-known and well-loved so people are able to connect to her more.

Gender Stereotypes

The stereotype for gender is shown numerous times in this episode of Our Girl. The first way that she is stereotyped by is how every man shows genuine concern and worry that Georgie has been taken. This shows that because she is a Woman, she is very important and feels as though she may not have it in her to survive so they need to support her as much as they can so that she is able to survive. This shows a typical stereotype. On the other hand, Georgie does show a counter stereotype when she doesn't show herself as vulnerable later on in the episode and fights back when they are try to kill both her and Kiki. The terrorists feel as though they are too weak to fight back but she fights this and protests against them killing her. The usual stereotype would be that she would just take it because she is too weak to fight them, but within this episode she proves that wrong so therefore it is a counter stereotype.
At some parts in the episode though she does show typical female traits such as breathing extremely heavily in panic and when someone finally helps her to breathe again, she shows her vulnerability by showing pure distraught in her face and worry about what lies ahead. This is stereotypical because men are usually seen as the stronger gender so by her acting this was and portraying her emotions like this, it matches with the stereotype and shows her weakness.
Furthermore, when the men are finding her, they show no favourability towards her because she is female, which can sometimes happen in society and they remain the name "Primary" attached to her. Finally, the terrorists feel no shame or care for her when they throw her into the back of their van and throw her around as though she is an animal instead of a woman. Women are usually seen with dignity and respect so for this to happen it would not be seen as usual or a normal act to carry out.

Ethnicity Stereotypes

There are many traits of ethnic stereotypes including the fact that Elvis is an Asian British yet he is on the British Military and not fighting the Muslims. Another fact is the at the start, one of the terrorists compares Georgie, one white woman, to a thousand black children by explaining that the British government would never let anything happen to any of their soldiers, especially a female, yet it is okay for their military to kill 1000 black children and families just because it has 'moral meaning.' Abu (also one of the terrorists) is a white British converted Muslim. He has used religion to claim that he is fighting for what is right. He is a counter stereotype but is now gradually becoming a stereotype. He also refers to his terrorist group as "us" so he feels like he is part of that group and his loyalties never lied with the British even though he was born and raised there and has not long converted.

Sound

During the opening scene of episode 2 gender stereotypes are shown a lot through Georgie showing her vulnerability through the sounds that she makes and the way she is represented. There are a lot of diegetic sounds such as the shooting of gun and the screams that Georgie lets out to show that she is scared and is in despair. This shows her vulnerability and also shows what is happening in the scene through sound. This also can be classed as sychronous sound because it is what would be expected with the action that is taking place within the scene.Non-diegetic sound is also used as there is tension building music in the background and does not have a source on the screen. The music builds up tension and eventually leads to a climax which would show that the action is only just beginning. The music can also show movement as when the music is at a faster speed, the van is moving at a much quicker speed as well which would show a correlation between the two things. Furthermore, the screech of tyres is a way of building climax because the pitch increases showing a crescendo. Finally, a sound bridge is followed through two scenes when the increasing pitch music is carried on.

Mise-en-scene

The series is set in Kenya and this is easily noticeable by the broken down buildings that surround the area in most of the scenes and would indicate a warzone. Another way that a warzone is represented is how Georgie is dressed in scrubs and still has her gloves on throughout the kidnap showing that she was mid way through helping someone when an awful event occurred. Blood splatters on the windscreen could also make the scene become more alive and feel more realistic as it was splattered in random places like blood would after being shot. They are shown as dead when they are slumped down in their chairs which is a stereotypical way of showing that you are dead or acting as though you are. Furthermore, the main leader of the terrorist group is in black which could also be related to being scared or death as black is seen as a sinister colour and one that should be avoided. Using black could also be a representation of ISIS as their main colour is black and the way that they wear their headscarf's is the same. So they are showing a stereotypical view on what a terrorist looks and dresses like. 

Camera

There are many camera angles that are used to show representations such as an establishing shot which was used at the start of episode two when the van is just coming into the cameras view from a long distance away. This would show the build up to the kidnap scene and also show to an audience that something is about to happen. Also, during the attack, before the kidnap, the people are very much out of focus in the camera and the focus is around the special effects such as the blood smears and the dust on the vans windscreen. This is called shallow focus and also happen when Georgie arrives at the camp and the camera is focused in at each terrorist one by one as a way of introducing them to the audience through camera techniques. Other camera techniques that were used are hand-held camera and this was used when we were following Georgie and being dragged with her. The camera was placed at a lower angle to show the feet moving forward. Georgie's feet were dragging along as though she couldn't walk and the terrorists were walking fine which shows authority. Georgie has no authority because she is being dragged behind. Another focus was on Georgie's experience so a point-of-view shot is used so that we can see the experience from Georgie's perspective and the canted angle shows that there is tension and something is happening to someone that we should support so this use of technique shows that our priorities should lie with Georgie. Finally, there is a aerial shot which shows distance so could be incorporated as Georgie being taken far away so that nobody can find her in such a remote area.

Editing

Fast-paced editing is used throughout this episode as there are many scenes, during the action, that would need to have been previously filmed and carefully placed together afterwards. An example of this would be when there are three bullet holes in the windscreen of the van one after the other. Therefore, these would have had to have been done to  build tension. Also, continuity editing was used when the second episode has started as it repeated the end of the first episode so that we could remember the action that had previously taken place and as it was a replica of the episode before, it was continuity editing. Finally, at the end of the travelling scene, once Georgie had been kidnapped there was a cut which is an abrupt transition and maintains the continuity. It was done to show that the action had ended and the new ordeal for Georgie was just beginning.