Theorists

Tessa Perkins
Tessa Perkin's 5 assumptions of the stereotypes are identified as ones that can be challenged and these are:

• Stereotypes aren't always negative
• They aren't always about a minority or less powerful group
• They are not rigid or unchanging
• They aren't always false
• They can be about a certain group.

All assumptions can be shown within the Hotel Babylon clip that we analysed. The first point of all stereotypes not always being negative is true as in the extract one of the Immigrants in the cupboard shows how to help someone when they have passed out by rubbing jam on her gums which would give her an instant sugar rush. This shows a positive stereotype as ex nurses who are trained that now maybe aren't as fortune have the skill sets to carry on and be able to help people in the future. At the end of the extract they are all sat in a community whilst they are eating which shows how positive their environment can be when they stick together and do something as a group. This shows their groups as working together, so in a positive light, and hard workers to achieve what they want.
Lots of groups are also included in this extract which shows that stereotypes aren't always from a minority or less powerful group as the white individuals are shown as being of a higher class and favoured by the actions that they show such as the white lady being a receptionist. Finally, they aren't all about a certain group as there are many different ethnicity groups and minority groups that are in this scene such as the Illegal immigrants, different generations and white and black characters.


Leon Festinger
Leon Festinger's theory was called "cognitive theory" this is when we resist changing our attitudes unless there is substantial evidence to prove against it. We stand by our own judgements and beliefs.
This is related to Hotel Babylon because everyone already has their own assumptions of each different minority group that is shown in this extract so therefore premature thoughts and beliefs are shown from the beginning of the extract. This is hard to break as there aren't many factors that would change their feelings as they work with their stereotype and follow it closely. It does challenge views on Police Officers as they should be protagonists and not antagonists as they are there to enforce law and care for people in the community. They are shown as antagonists in this clip as they discriminate against all of the Immigrant workers and want to ensure that they are all taken away from their jobs.

Casuality Disability Textual Analysis

Editing
The first editing technique that was used was continuity editing, this was used at the start when the 2 characters were shown in a shop. There was a clear continuous storyline that had been shown before hand which showed the 2 men's relationship and how one of them became disabled. This was done to show continuous action and to help viewers who had previously been watching the programme to understand the storyline and show how both characters lives and storylines had carried on. Shot-reverse-shot was the second technique used when the man was injured in the ambulance and his wife came into the ambulance and they began to argue. This was used to show the conversation that was happening between 2 characters and the way the camera followed them shows how intense the argument and situation between the two is. Fast-paced editing was shown when the man passed out in the road and the lady, and the 2 main characters, came running over to assist him. This was done to show how urgent and important it was to get over to him and help him, as he was in desperate need of help and also shows the relationship between him and the lady that worked in the café as she was the first at the scene and she rushed over to ensure that he was safe. A Cut was then used when he had passed out and the camera cut straight back to the people in the café. This was done so that we could witness their response and see what action was then going to follow. It also helps the scene to carry on to the next section of the characters helping him and whether the man survives.
Camera
A Point-of-view shot was used when the 2 men were sat down in the café and the Lady, that the man is friends with, walks away and he is staring at him and admiring her. This was done to show his opinion on the lady through his facial expressions. He shows a very admired look on his face and he shakes his head and says the line "And I bet she's taken". This is a counter stereotype as it shows that he feels he has all the qualities and attributes that any other man with mobility has despite the fact that he is in a wheelchair and seen as "pathetic" and a "burden". It is also a counter stereotype to disabled people being "non-sexual" as he sees this lady as someone that he would like to get to know in more detail and maybe spend some time with. So he can still show affection and the desire to develop a relationship. A Tracking Shot was then used when the bikes were crowding the man in the housing estate. It followed the bikes and the way the man was walking away form then. This was done to show that there was action about to take place and something was going to happen due to the bikes that were following the man through the estate. A Canted Angle then followed on from this when the man fell backwards down the stairs. This was done to follow the stereotypes of people who have a disability, whether that be mentally or physically, to show that they can be a "super cripple" and a "burden to themselves" as this mans condition means he can not control his actions and health alone. The angle also shows the gradient at which he fell. An Establishing Shot was then used when the bikes were shown, as we could see the whole housing estate and when the café scene came into place as we could see all of the buildings in the background and all of the inside of the café. This was done to show the type of establishment that they lived in and to show an outlook into their lives. It also set the scene and helped the audience to understand the area at which this was filmed and produced in. A hand-held camera was the final camera technique present in this clip and this was shown when the lady that works in the café and the 2 men ran over to the ma who had collapsed on the road. This was done to portray that disabled people can be "unable to participate in daily life" with help form friends and people present as he can not walk the streets alone due to him passing out at no specific time. It also shows a counter stereotype by the man in the wheelchair as he takes control of the situation by ringing the ambulance and demanding essential supplies to keep the man safe. The camera effect added urgency and desperation that these 2 physically capable people felt when they were rushing to help somebody in desperate need.
Sound
Diegetic sound was the first technique that was apparent in this clip as dialogue was used as soon as the scene started. This is done to help the episode progress as there are people created the action through what they say an this creates a carry on storyline for this episode, and future episodes, to follow. The dialogue that stood out in the start scene was "Quit pushing me around" which is yet again a counter stereotype as he wants his independence and doesn't want everything done for him as he feels capable within himself to carry on doing tasks such as moving his wheelchair himself. His brother then goes on to say "Self-centered and ungrateful" as though he is portraying his anger for trying to help. This was done to also show how his character has not yet fully adapted to how he should and shouldn't help and how much independence his brother should have now that he is physically disabled. He thinks that his brother does fit the typical stereotype of being "pathetic" and "his own worst enemy" because he wont ask for help and accept that in certain situations he does need it. The final piece of dialogue that stands out as one tat would affect an audiences way of thinking is when he says "I've had enough, this disease is winning". This has been done to show that disabled people can have vulnerable moments and they are quite vulnerable people so it fits with the stereotype as this is how some people can view them due to the fact that they can not always do things for themselves. It can also be seen as a way of self-pitying because they have no other way of portraying their emotions. Non-diegetic sound helped the scene too as there was music in the background of the shop scene and music in the café. This portrays a real life event as this is what is usual in such an environment. This also helps the episode become easier to relate to and for the audience to understand as this would be what would normally happen in a realistic environment. Synchronous Sound occurred when the brakes on the car were pressed so that the car wouldn't hit the man and when the phone rings to the ambulance. This was done to show a realistic scene and to heighten the sound effects to make them more noticeable to show what was happening in the scene. It was expected with what was being viewed so the audience can hear this and understand what is happening even without looking at the screen.
Mise-en-scene
When the couple entered the ambulance, it was clear that the crew were wearing yellow paramedic suits. This matches reality as these are the suits that ambulance crews wear in reality so it would ad a sense f normality to the scene but also to symbolise that their job is to care ad protect someone as this is the message usually attached to someone wearing this suit. A prop was then used, this was a Catheter. A Catheter was used to show how he had now lost control over his body and he couldn't even do simple tasks for himself. This shows a loss of control and the stereotype that he is "pitiable". His hands are also curled up when he is sat in his wheelchair. This is another way of showing a loss of control and ability to care for himself as his body has given up just like he mentally has.Lighting was another key element in this scene as when they were sat in the café, the lighting was bright and elegant whereas when they were in the tunnel it was dark and unclear. This was done to portray the environment that they were in and how different they are to each other. The darker tunnel would portray the housing estate as poor and that people there may have struggles financially. Whereas, the higher lighting shows a joyful atmosphere in the café and highlights exactly why people are there. It can also show that this is a communal area. The music also portrays status as the music is more like rock and it is hard and the men on the bikes are wearing tracksuits. This kind of music is most commonly associated with people who wear hoodies and hang around on estates so that is a typical stereotype. The next costume that was used was the Doctors and Nurses blue suits. They also had stethoscope's around their necks. This is a common stereotype of all professions that work in a hospital as this is what it is like in reality. This is a sight that someone with a disability may see regularly. It is done to portray reality. Another action was then used as the 2 people opened the door for the man in the wheelchair. This matches the stereotype that they are "pitiful" and "pathetic" because they are unable to do anything for themselves. He is unable to even open a door which shows how much he relies on his family and friends being around him. It was done to show that disability can severely take over someone's life and they may need help, in future life, with daily tasks that people without a disability take for granted.

Doc Martin Regional Identity Textual Analysis

Editing
Continuity editing is used at the start of the scene and in the middle as the action carries on into each scene to show that each scene is linked and the storyline carries on. It is shown at the start to show that something in this scene has happened before for them all to be in there. Shot-reverse-shot is also used this is done in the first shown when the 2 plumber characters are talking to each other this is done so that it shows the conversation between 2 characters and the continuity they have when talking to each other. It moves quite slow to show that there is no intensity in the conversation and that it is an everyday conversation that they could maybe have in a different environment. Fast Pace Editing was also needed to be used when the tap breaks and it needs fixing, in the first scene. This would have been used to make the scene move on in a very fast pace and to show the audience that they are rushing around trying to sort the problem. The fast pace shoes urgency and intensity. Cuts were particularly used when Doc Martin walks around the town and meets different people. This was done to represent his personality as he is sharp and to the point so in this scene the camera matches his actions. It also shows how quick he needs to get to know people in the Village as he is the new Doctor and needs to come to terms with people’s conditions. Another technique is A Tracking Shot this was used when he was walking down the street past the school and he looks into the window at the teacher. This was done to show continuous action and lets the audience feel involved in his movement and understand the purpose to where he is going and why.

Sound
Digetic Sound is the first technique that is used as there are monologues and duologues a long with dialogue in the first scene and it continues through each scene as different characters begin to speak and start conversations. They also have accents which would be found in the West County. This was done so that the storyline flows and it shows a typical small town in which everyone knows each other and can have a conversation despite how much they know each other. The accents also help to set the scene and show where it is set as most people talk in the same accent and know each other Non-diegetic sound was the second technique noticeable as there was constant music played in the background of the scenes. This helped set the scene as the music was very regional as it was a typical stereotyped music of what would be listened to and found at the corners of the Country (around the sea). The music also follows his footsteps so it is continuous and has a beat that follows how he walks. When he is angry, the music is fast and upbeat and represents his state of mind. Sychronous Sound was used when there sounds such as water splashing everywhere and people screaming when the tap burst. This was done to show what is actually happening and make the scene seem realistic. There was also seagull sound which would only usually be expected to be found around the sea and around beaches where people would go on holiday. A telephone and dog barking also helped show where the scene was taking place. This would show that they are in a seaside town and to show what was in and around the scene and to set the atmosphere and aid the understanding of an audience. They also shouted when the tap broke and used a loud tone with urgency, this shows distress and panic about what to do next and rush around because no one knew what to do with what had happened, Soundbridges were followed through on each scene as the music was continuous and so was the speaking of each character. This was also done to show continuity and it also shows a stereotype of a seaside town as nothing really changes and there aren’t that many new faces for people as every knows each other due to how small the town really is.

Camera
An Establishing Shot was used when the greenery was shown and the Country houses in the background of Doc Martin’s conversation with the lady asking for a prescription. This shows off the environment as it all looks stereotypical with buildings on the rocks of cliffs and lots of greenery and hills around like there aren’t many people living there. Medium shots were also used when he walked past the school building and he looked at the teacher in the building. This helps the audience to understand what his presence around the town does and how he walks when he is angry. It also helps an audience to understand his characteristics by his walk and his posture. A point-of-view shot was used when he was staring into the classroom at the teacher and she stares back. When they look, it is shown by their expression that they clearly know each other, which helps and audience to understand that there is a back story to this couple and something has previously happened and something will mostly be carried on from this. The Doc always has his chest up when he is looking into the camera and talking to someone form the camera angle. He has an almost perfect posture which shows his background and where he was brought up compared to how the people in Cornwall live. They have a more relaxed environment. Whereas, the Doc coming from the city means he’s more stressed and up tight.

Mise-en-scene
There were a variety of costumes in these scenes. Doc Martin is wearing a very pristine suit that is very formal and smart. This shows that he is from the city where standards are very high and everyone cares for their appearance as they are meeting new people nearly every day. This suit does not match the regional identity. This is in comparison to how everyone in a small town knows each other and doesn’t care as much for their appearance due to the fact that their jobs are quite hands on. The Plumbers are wearing boiler suits which shows their job role and how informal their jobs can be due to how they keep their suits and how dirty they are. The setting is also very stereotypical as there are a long line of shops that would be found by the seaside such as a sweet shop and a souvenir shop. This shows the audience that all seaside towns can look the same and are made for tourists. There are also very old fashioned cottages and they are made of stones that are multi-coloured. These would more likely been seen in a seaside town as they are very vibrant and intriguing for tourists to be lured in by. The props are very outdated such as the hoover being in the police station and the computer that is in the background. These show how far behind old fashioned towns can be on technology and how they can’t keep up to date on advances due to their lack of resources and people. The last prop used was the tools and sink that signify what their jobs entailed and why they were placed in this scene.

Disability Representations

90210
In 90210 the character Silver is portrayed as having Bipolar Disorder. During her diagnosis she shows signs of reckless behaviour, lack of sleep and confusion. She is frustrated as she has to remain in mainstream school and carry on with her daily routine with included therapy visits and medication taking. Through showing silver like this, the director is trying to show how extreme the condition can actually be and to what extent it can affect peoples state of minds and behaviour. The way she acts would be of a typical stereotype as she shows all the signs of Bipolar Disorder as they are: Feelings of Depression, feelings of happiness and wanting to spend all your earnings and not like eating or sleeping due to the psychotic effects that the condition plays on your mind. At the beginning of her diagnosis she matches the typical stereotypes of mental disabilities by showing an atmosphere and being her worst enemy. It is shown to Mental Illness was used as this is a condition that is becoming more recognised and apparent in society now and by doing this it draws an audience in and makes them feel sympathy for her due to the extent of her condition. Her condition, when she has a way of dealing with it, does not match the 10 typical stereotypes of disability which are that they can be: Violent, evil, laughable and as a burden. She is shown as a strong, independent character but when the condition hits her, or she has missed her medication, she is seen as a weak character who is in need of a lot of extra support.

Downton Abbey
John Bates is a disabled Valet who injured his leg whilst fighting in the Boer War, this has caused him to use a cane when he walks. When he needs it, he uses a metal leg brace but this causes him discomfort so he doesn't use it as often. Due to his disability, the existing staff would like to get rid of Bates as he is seen as a liability. The Director shows him in this way to show a typical model of disability and shows obstacles being put in his way so he is struggling to proceed with his job. This is a typical stereotype as people who have physical disabilities find it hard to find a job that involves physical activity because employers would discriminate them and find them "pathetic" and "unable to participate in daily life." He is seen as a very strong individual which could show that he is fighting the stereotype. The constant discrimination does take its toll on him though and it puts a strain on him

Glee

This clip shows how Artie struggles to stand up and shows he relies on his friends and family to help him getting g up. It is clear that he is in need of extra support. He can not do anything for himself so he is incapable from anyone else's perspective. This links to the stereotype of a disability which is that they are incapable of looking after themselves due to the fact that they can not stand up without support. His character is shown as an inspired one as he has a dream about standing up to show that he wants to be just like anyone else that can walk normally and he hates the fact that he is stuck confined in a wheelchair. He is the same as anyone who is physically capable as he is still able to have ambitions and be inspired by other people despite the condition that he is in. Due to the fact that the audience are able to feel empathy for him, he is then a character that can be understood. He is a main character in this series so the Director would want to show to an audience that people with disabilities don't always have to "backgrounders" and they have capabilities in what they love to do as much as anyone.

Pretty Little Liars
In this drama, Jenna Marshall is blind and has been due to an accident that occurred between the 5 "Pretty Little Liars." Jenna has become blind due to an accident which can be a typical way a disability occurs. She is also an evil character as she purposely goes out to hurt the girls and makes conspiracies against them throughout the episodes. This is a typical stereotype for someone with a disability she is also deemed as a burden and an atmosphere surrounds her wherever she goes. These are all typical stereotypes of disabled people. The Director portrays Jenna as a very strong and independent character and fights the stereotype to show that she doesn't let people get in her way and she is still able to act like a normal individual and has the capability to be like everyone else, despite how she is and her impairment. An audience would feel a resentment and hatred towards Jenna and how she acts which fits exactly with the stereotype and shows that she can be like an other person and has the same personality traits.

Downton Abbey Class and Status stereotypes

Downton Abbey is set in 1912 within which a set of maids and housekeepers work and live for keeping their "Ladyships" and "Lordships" happy. It is set in a classic Georgian country house in England, North Hampshire. In this scene, the Titanic has just sunk and the horrific news has just hit the house and everyone within the house is shocked and felling very sympathetic to the people that were living upon the Titanic, especially as the high class people that own the house may know and have associated themselves with individuals that may be aboard the Titanic. The house is very manic and there are various different jobs going on in the different rooms to keep the Lord and Ladyships happy and content. The classes are placed in different sections of the hotel as the higher class are upstairs in the Master bedrooms and the lower class are downstairs in basic beds and have basic necessary needs. 

The first editing technique that was used is fast paced editing when all of the events are going on within the house and all the different jobs need doing. The bells keep going off for all the different rooms of people who are in need of service and everyone is moving around rapidly trying to serve. People are eating at the breakfast table all calmly and the maids and housekeepers around them are running around rapidly trying to please them and making sure that their tea cup is full and their food is done to the standard that they would expect. This shows a huge contrast between each event that is happening within the house and is an example of a class stereotype as all the Lord and Ladyships are up in their bedrooms ringing for assistance whilst the maids and servants are downstairs awaiting their call and running around after whoever needs them or whoever they are serving that day. It is a stereotype as the people that are dressed formally within a Grand house would be expected to be the Upper class and be expected to have people waiting upon them yet the people with scruffy clothes or dirty outfits due to cleaning or food stains would be seen as Lower Class and would not be expected to have any rights or respects within that house in anyway. The writer would have done this to signify the upper and lower classes and to ensure that this is remembered and considered throughout the programme. It also makes people aware of how different people of different classes live. 


Two further editing techniques that were used were Cross cutting and L-cut. Cross cutting was used when the postman is delivering the newspaper and all of the work colleagues are inside prepping and preparing the food. This shows a contrast in jobs that people of the lower class can have and take part in. Some are able to live a more free life by delivering newspapers and associating less with the higher class. Whereas, the people work in the Abbey are having to associate with people in the higher class much more as they live with them and do all of their jobs for them. The Directors intentions for this was to ensure that the audience will see the difference and job types and the way that people are treated in a  different contrasts.


An L-cut was also strategically placed when the two woman on the bottom floor cooking the breakfast are talking to each other and when the camera switched to the younger maid, the older maid was still talking through her scene. This shows an overlap in speech. This was done by the Director so that the intensity can be shown and how manic the scene really is for them. By them talking over each other, it can also show an overlap in the jobs that they have to do and how many there are. This shows that all maids jobs have to overlap each other so that they can get their daily tasks done.

Cuts were also frequently used within this first section of the scene as it moved from each section of work. For example, it moved between the breakfast table, to the kitchen, to the hallway and finally back into the breakfast room where the Lordship has finally awoken and made his way downstairs. Cuts are useful as they collaborate with the fast paced editing well to speed up the scene and show a sense of urgency and desperation within the maids and housekeepers jobs. This could also communicate the desperation in a housekeeper’s mind when they have to serve their Master and how they feel the need to rush around so that they do not displease them.

Shot-reverse-shot was also a technique involved in this scene when the Lord and Ladyship are in their bedroom and they are having a conversation involving somebody that they know aboard the Titanic. The camera switches between both characters after they have finished their section of speech. This would help a conversation flow naturally and help an audience to follow the duologue in the most understanding way.

Shot-reverse-shot also links to continuity editing as the editing technique continues the scene and duologue and helps the scene to carry on and move on after the conversation. This would have been done in the slow manner that it was to prove to the audience that this is a very upsetting conversation for these two characters to have had and the slow movement of the scene would enhance the idea that they are distressed and upset regarding the fact that they don’t know the state and welfare of the people that they know aboard the Titanic. By completely slowing the scene down, it enhances the effect of stillness and tension between the two character’s conversation.

The first camera technique that is used is within the first 10 seconds of the scene when the cyclist is biking along the long stretch road to the Grand Georgian House. An Establishing Shot is used to show the sheer size and proportion of the house compared to the cyclist and the grounds that surround the house. This shot would instantly tell an audience that the people living within this house were of a higher class and had many riches and maybe were inherited a lot of money. It could also trigger in an audience’s mind what the series is going to be about and who the series will follow. Housekeepers and maid are the first that would come into mind as people living within a house like that would stereotypically have maids and people waiting on them as they either don’t want to do it themselves or can’t do it themselves. It starts the series off with a typical stereotype that higher class people live in huge houses and have lots of money to pay for housekeepers and keep such a huge house running in the way that they like.

As soon as the scene enters further into the house and the Lordship is walking downstairs with his dog, stedicam is used as it produces a smooth and even shot when he is walking downstairs to show elegance and grace of the upper class. This is in complete contrast to the fast paced editing shown in the kitchen which also shows the difference in pace between each classes as the lower class have to work fast to please the higher class and the higher class go slow and everybody waits on them. This is a stereotype as when the camera is downstairs the camera seems hand-held as everybody is rushing and doesn’t show a posture as much as what the Upper Class do. This would have been done to show that the classes are extremely different and even their posture can vary as they both have different jobs and responsibilities and hold themselves depending on what environment within which they grew up in.

A medium shot was also used but this time in the bedroom when they are having the conversation about the people on the Titanic. This shot would have been used to show how the Ladyship is sitting up in bed and how she never slouches no matter what position she is in. Lordship is also stood straight up right and has his hands behind his back which is a stereotypical stance for someone of a higher class as it is a sign of respect. When reflecting on a stereotypical higher class male or female, they tend to always be associated with a certain stance or position that they stand in and in this situation the male is standing in this stance to show authority to his wife and to also reflect his class and status.

A high shot was used when the maid is cleaning the fire pit and the central maid walks in to check on her. The angle faces down at the maid and this signifies that she could be scared of the high mistress and wants to do what she can to please her. This could have been done by the Director to show that she is weak and has less authority than anybody else in the frame. They would have done it to ensure that her class was noticed to a significant amount. Tracking Shots were used as the younger housemaid walked through the house to her station. During her shot all of the maids and butlers were shown doing their jobs and each room in the house was shown in the shot. This was done to shown how many different jobs there are to be done in the house and how each maid and butler can be ranked In a system. The ranking is shown through the costumes that they are wearing and how smart each maid and butler looks. A Wide shot was used when the man is cycling down the path to the Abbey house with the newspapers. This was used to set the scene and to show how excessive the house is and how posh it is. This would then lead an audience on to thinking that the house is owned by people of a higher class and they have people waiting on them. Therefore, this shot is able to set a storyline as well as a scene.

The final camera technique that was used is a canted angle. This is used when a servant is ironing the newspaper for the Lordship. As he reads about the Titanic’s sinking the camera is looking up purely at his facial expression and the paper is large. The focus point is on the man’s facial expression as he portrays both shock and distress after seeing such awful news. This angle would have been used to show that all classes do think the same and they all have the same feelings and emotions that a class above them would have even though they don’t have the luxuries do. He also shows on his face how scared he is to tell his Lordship what has happened when he passes the paper on as he knows this big event will affect him a lot and he will definitely know people aboard as most people aboard were of a higher class. He could also be thinking of his situation as well as if he wasn’t with this particular family, he could have been abroad that ship and maybe lost his life as well. He would have thought this as first class people had priority over the lifeboats as they are deemed “more important”.

Diegetic sound was the first technique that was used in this scene as it helped to add atmosphere and a sense of urgency to the scene in the kitchen when all the maids and housekeepers are running around starting their daily duties. The sounds that are heard are pots clanging together and people shouting at each other under the stress of the kitchen job roles and the sounds of plates being banged together whilst they are being washed. These are also stereotypical sounds within a kitchen scene as when pots are being washed they are expected to be hit together when people through them in if they are in a rush. When people think of washing up, instead of dishwashers, they think of the middle or lower class as sometimes it isn’t seen as necessary or is of a too higher expense to have one fitted. So this would be a noise and class stereotype and would only be lined to the housekeepers as they are doing the cleaning and are lower class. If the Lady and Lordships were doing the washing of pots, then they would more than likely use a dishwasher for the speed of it and it is cost effective due to the amount of pots and cutlery that they use when they are eating and drinking.

Non-diegetic sound is also used through the scenes as there is constant music repeating. This music is also a stereotype to the higher class as it is playing classical music and consists of violins and other string instruments. This is a stereotype as it is usual to hear classical music when associated with higher class people yet the middle and lower classes are more likely to listen to rock or pop music. This would also help to set the scene as this is the type of music that was created back in the early 20^th century and thoroughly enjoyed. As this episode is the start of a season, it would help the audience to understand background knowledge and help them to understand what may be about to happen in this series and what maybe entailed through the music as it is able to set a scene.

This then also leads onto a sound bridge as the same music does continue through the first series of scenes to show continuity and that all of these jobs and events can go on in this household in the space of a song length. Having music carrying on through can also help an audience to relate to a scene as this audience can be for any audience type but through the music could maybe communicate more heavily with the older generation as they may have been brought up around this music and would enjoy it better more than what the newest generation could. This could then also maybe impact on the type of audience that they then have.

Synchronous Sound was also used at the start of the scene when the bike is travelling to the house. The noise is one that would be expected to be viewed as you can hear the tyres travelling on the gravel and it makes the expected noise that would follow on from this. The young boy who is travelling on the bike is of a middle or lower class and this can be told through the fact that he is travelling on a bike. People of a higher class would travel with horses to pull them along or have a person leading those horses with a cart following behind that they are sat in. The higher class would have everything done for them so wouldn’t feel it necessary to go around on a bike, hence why the young boy on the bike is delivering papers. The sound would make the scene more realistic and believable as the bike is making the noise that you would hear in everyday life when walking down the street so by adding in the effect it helps the audience to relate and come to terms with the series more.

The dialogue that is used is also in a very stereotypical manner as when the Lordship is talking about the Titanic sinking and the passengers on board, he says “You mean the Ladies in first class”. This line would tell an audience that this is what a man of higher class would expect to happen, when an event such as the Titanic sinking takes place, to happen. He knows that the higher class people are treated with more respect and are shown as more important so he expects that the first class ladies were saved first as in his world this would be normal for him.
They also show that they associate themselves with many other higher class people as when a housekeeper asks them if they are likely to know anybody aboard the Titanic they simply say “We had dinner with a couple just last week” so they’re friendships and relationships with other couples are broad and they feel they have a duty to protect that. This is also shown when her Ladyship says “You must tell Mary; she shouldn’t find out from anybody else”. This shows that they are close with other people and they feel obliged to care and protect their friends. This can be compared to the lower class, through dialogue, as a maid goes on to say “Why are the papers ironed?” This would have been done to show that they don’t have as much care and knowledge surrounding small gestures such as the higher class do as they would never dream of ironing a newspaper considering they can’t even iron their own clothes. She also says it in a more common accent compared to the articulate way that the people of the higher class speak. This is done to show that they do have different ways of life and they are brought up in completely different environments and societies with different morals.

Lighting is the most noticeable technique that is used in this scene as in the kitchen, which is downstairs, it is a very dark area which could represent low income and a dismal atmosphere. With the lighting being low it shows that hardly any money is spent on essentials and care is not taken for the environment that they have to work in. This could show that people of a higher class and authority can be very snobby and only care for the people that are closest to them. This contrasts with the lighting that is upstairs as there are various lamps and chandeliers which adds colour and light to their room and enhances their dress and decoration in their room which would also be a way of showing off their earnings and proving that they are better people. It is a stereotype for higher class people to have numerous chandeliers and fancy lamps all around their rooms because they are expensive and they can afford these items and make them last. They also take special care of them so that they will never need to buy another.

There are also silver decanters next to the breakfast set that is silver plates and numerous knives and forks and glasses. Everything is made of glass and they are of a small proportion. Every ornament around the grand building also seems to be gold and of an expensive nature so is placed very delicately. These gold and silver ornaments would have been places in the scene to show their expenses and are also props that would be expected in such a huge house so it would portray reality.

At the entrance of the room there are huge mirrors so that they can view what they are wearing and ensure that they look acceptable to make their way downstairs. These huge mirrors are gold plated and show that they are also putting their expenses into all sorts of items to yet again show off their wealth. Downstairs there isn’t even a pocket mirror for the housekeepers to look at themselves in so they would just turn up to work looking however they feel looks acceptable for them.

This then leads on to what each class types are wearing. The waiters and head maids are wearing suits that look pristine and acceptable to enter the house itself and appear in their lady and Lordships bedrooms and look acceptable but more than likely, they would have had to have earn this position, and dress, to be allowed to dress in that manner. The hair is also a good factor to look at as all of the people who own the house, so the Lord and Lady ships, and the higher up maids have pristine hairstyles, that have quite clearly had time and effort put into them, yet the maids that are in the kitchen and cleaning rooms have hair falling out of their buns and looks as though it hasn’t been brushed at all.

The maids also have a stereotypical uniform which includes a bonnet and bowties. This is very typical as they would always be seen in black and white uniforms which are extremely formal. The maids that wear these outfits would be the ones that associate themselves with the Lord and Lady ships and maybe take their breakfast to them, yet again on a silver tray. The other maids would be in a stereotypical lower class maids outfit which is grey and whiten and is scruffy as it isn’t as cared for and looked after as they are just hidden away downstairs doing their jobs. This would also have been done to portray how each maids are treated to yet again follow the stereotypical idea of the higher and lower class.


Luther Textual Analysis

Background

In this clip, gender stereotypes are shown in numerous ways and the usual stereotypes aren't followed as they would be expected to be. The woman in this clip is the heroin and ends up killing a villain which would quite typically be a man's job as it would be seen as too violent for a woman to take on.

Sound

The way that she speaks is very taunting and patronising which you wouldn't expect as women are usually only placed in Film and TV Dramas as a decorative to make the men look good but in this clip, the man that later enters is the decorative because she has full control and power. This would also be seen s a counter stereotype because she is taking control and threatening a man which is not what is expected from a female. There is also music that is building up at the start of the clip which could show that action is about to start and a huge change in the plot or disastrous event is about to occur. It is continuous throughout the duologue and shows a continuation in the action and scene. There is also synchronous sound as once Ian has been strangled, he is struggling to breathe and he shows this within the sound that he makes afterwards. It is an expected sound to what has just happened. There is also non-diegetic sound as there is continuous music in the background throughout each section of the scene, even though the music does change based on the different action that occurs. At the end of the clip, the music changes and signifies that he is now gone and it is the end of previous action and continuous hatred. Diegetic sound was also used in the clip as dialogue is used throughout and noises within the clip also have a source on screen.

Editing

One of the only editing techniques that was used was shot-reverse-shot. This was shown at the start of the clip when both Ian and Luther are talking to each other and the camera switches between them as they are saying something to each other. The camera moves very quickly which increases tension as what they are saying becomes more intense and compressive. As the scene carries on, the camera moves much slower which would suggest that somebody is in control.

Mise-en- scene

The blood splattered all over Ian after her has been shot is spread quite excessively and does look very unrealistic. It does not show realism within the techniques that are shown to have been used to splatter the blood. the men are also wearing suits which is typical dress suit in London of a professional male. It shows them as being ordinary males and they don't stand out as dangerous murderers. It shows a deeper message that anyone is different and not everyone is as they look. They are also wearing jackets as it is cold outside and yet again it shows that they are just ordinary people and they do ordinary things. Alex is wearing a hat which also makes her seem completely normal and could even give her a motherly effect as it is comfortable clothing. It is only until she pulls out a gun and starts threatening Ian and eventually kills him that we see her psychopathic side and intentions.

Camera

At the beginning,the camera passes between both characters faces to show that they are having a conversation. As one person says something, it then switches to the other character as if waiting for a response. An establishing shot is also used after Ian has been shot and is lying on the floor dead. The camera shows the setting of the scene whilst all characters remain stood still. It shows the whole building setting an adds an atmosphere to the scene. Another shot that was used was a point of view shot. This was used when Luther had been stabbed and he was talking about how Ian shouldn't be killed so we can see his opinion from his perspective and his angle which helps to make us relate more with his character. Hand-held camera was also used when the characters were fighting so it added a shaky feeling to the scene and added more tension to the fight. It helps the audience feel as though they are involved in the action. The camera also zooms in closely on their faces so the audience can tell from their facial expressions and eyes, just how they are feeling and what they maybe planning on doing next.